"The use of folk arts in rural development clearly has limitations as to the role that it can play in changing people’s behavior, but it is an effective tool for communication in most cases. The greatest strength of this type of informal education lies in its ability to capture the audience’s at...tention through entertaining spectacles and to convey new ideas and information to people. In addition, the Bhats’ social position plays an important role in the education process, as they are a marginal community that has provided social commentary through performance arts for centuries. Thus by employing them, NGOs and government agencies appropriate the benefits of their ritual discursive authority. Also, these organizations are aided by the inversions of the social order that occur during shows because the folk artists are able to command the attention of large audiences and thus disseminate their messages among diverse groups of people. In addition, the kathputli tradition of North India is steeped in mythology and symbolism, and these traits give the puppets themselves special ideological status as metonyms and liminars. In turn, these attributes allow the puppets to exist in a realm that is different from that of live actors, and thus they can communicate more effectively as they are exempt from many of the rules and biases that are linked to human behavior. Despite the numerous benefits of using folk arts in development programs, follow-up sessions and more extensive education for villagers and performers are needed to change behaviors regarding complex issues. These performances are quite successful at conveying information, but people are unlikely to incorporate into their lives new ideas regarding issues like folk medicines." (Conclusion, p.63)
more
"This chapter reviews the historical and conceptual parameters of the international communication research area, followed by a focus on communication and development. Both parts of the chapter define the scope of the areas discussed, summarize the main theoretical approaches, and present major trend...s in research. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research." (Summary)
more
"Radio has played a pivotal role in situations of conflict, crisis, change and development on the African continent. Local radio stations are as important as international broadcasters being both the barometers and agents of change. This text examines African radio broadcast cultures." (Publisher)
"The synthesis of literature quoted in the bibliography and the country reports portrays the public library movement in Africa as being very weak, with numerous problems regarding financial constraints, lack of human resources, outdated materials and poor use. The only sector of the African populati...on that uses public libraries is school children. However, each country report illustrated that children do not use the materials held in the library but use libraries primarily as places for study, because they are quieter and more spacious than their homes. The consensus of opinion seems to be that African librarians need to rethink what a public library is all about, in terms of what is needed, what will be used, and what is sustainable in Africa. Perhaps some new and more viable visions will result. In particular, public libraries in Africa need to start to be more aggressive and introduce services that are attractive to the users. Librarians must begin to know their potential users, and not only assume that they are school children. More dynamism and more involvement of the user community, extended to all users - school children, adults, literates, non-literates and neo-literates - are required for the improvement of public library services." (Synthesis Report Abstract, p.3)
more
"An analysis of publishing in African languages in four countries of francophone Africa (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal), where the Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (German Foundation for International Development, now part of GIZ), in cooperation with other agencies, has be...en developing training programmes for textbook authors to create local capacity in the writing of textbooks for local language teaching. It reports about the main lessons learnt during the execution of the programme. Ingrid Jung argues that the development of societies depends crucially on the access to and the written processing of information, and discusses what this means for local language publishing. She concludes that the present situation in Africa is characterized by a broad gap between what is necessary to contribute to social change and education, and what local book industries offer in the field of local language publications for educational and other purposes. “To satisfy the demand for books and learning materials in African languages in the long run, it is necessary to contribute to the development of national and regional publishing houses and to the capacity building of all links of the book chain." (Hans M. Zell, Publishing, Books & Reading in Sub-Saharan Africa, 3d ed. 2008, nr. 2108)
more
"This reference guide provides comprehensive information on how the Spanish language is copyedited for publication. The book covers these major areas: language basics: capitalization, word division, spelling, and punctuation; language conventions: abbreviations, professional and personal titles, nam...es of organizations, and nationalities; bibliographic format, particularly how Spanish differs from English; Spanish language forms of classical authors' names; literary and grammatical terminology; linguistic terminology; biblical names and allusions; a dictionary of grammatical doubts, including usage, grammatical constructions of particular words and phrases, verbal irregularities, and gender variations." (Publisher)
more
"The five case studies on the cost-effectiveness of publishing educational materials in national and local African languages, published in this volume, were commissioned in 1996 on behalf of the Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) by its Working Group on Books and Learning ...Materials. The UK’s Overseas Development Agency (ODA), which is the lead agency of the ADEA Working Group on Books and Learning Materials, organized two workshops on the topic of publishing books and other educational materials in African national languages, and commissioned these five case studies of the costs and benefits of educational materials in African languages." (Introduction, p.1);"The Association for the Development of Education in Africa Working Group on Books and Learning Materials organized two workshops held in Dakar in 1996 on the cost-effectiveness of publishing educational materials in African languages, and it also commissioned five case studies which are published in this volume. The objective of the workshop, and the case studies, was to gather information about the costs of publishing materials in national and local languages, to try to identify the benefits of these materials, both in schools and in adult literacy programmes and other non-formal education, and to review strategies to promote and encourage publication and use of educational materials from the point-of-view of cost-effectiveness. The five case studies cover The Gambia (Abdoulie Jobe), Madagascar (Louis Lai Seng), Namibia (Laurentius Davids), Senegal (Gaston Pierre Coly), and Zambia (Shadreck Hakalima). Each case study systematically examines the social, economic and educational context in each country: language policy and policies on publishing in national languages, costs of publishing educational materials, strategies for minimizing costs, and perceived benefits and effectiveness. An introductory chapter by the editor summarizes the main features and the methodology used, the problems encountered in the data gathering process, and the main findings and conclusions of the five case studies." (Hans M. Zell, Publishing, Books & Reading in Sub-Saharan Africa, 3d ed. 2008, nr. 1886)
more
"Many women and men professionally engaged in advertising do have sensitive consciences, high ethical standards and a strong sense of responsibility. But even for them external pressures — from the clients who commission their work as well as from the competitive internal dynamics of their profess...ion — can create powerful inducements to unethical behavior. That underlines the need for external structures and systems to support and encourage responsible practice in advertising and to discourage the irresponsible. Voluntary ethical codes are one such source of support. These already exist in a number of places. Welcome as they are, though, they are only as effective as the willingness of advertisers to comply strictly with them. "It is up to the directors and managers of the media which carry advertising to make known to the public, to subscribe to and to apply the codes of professional ethics which already have been opportunely established so as to have the cooperation of the public in making these codes still better and in enforcing their observance." We emphasize the importance of public involvement. Representatives of the public should participate in the formulation, application and periodic updating of ethical codes. The public representatives should include ethicists and church people, as well as representatives of consumer groups. Individuals do well to organize themselves into such groups in order to protect their interests in relation to commercial interests." (Conclusion, p.20)
more
"The focus throughout is on "listening" to people, in order to learn from experiences. Oral testimony is considered in terms of oral history and oral artistry. The importance of listening is illustrated by a large number of entertaining case studies, drawn from both developed and developing countrie...s, from a broad range of disciplines. The methodology is discussed, detailing the way in which development workers should be trained to listen. The four case studies illustrate practical applications where listening to oral testimonies has proved beneficial for project orientation and management." (www.participatorymethods.org)
more
"Cette recherche propose un bilan statistique de la production litteraire africaine et une analyse des conditions materielles et economiques de production et de circulation des textes, tous deux revises a la lumiere des facteurs sociologiques et ideologiques qui les influencent." (Résumé)
"Many of the essays in this volume seek to interpret traditional Asian approaches to communication in the light of modern Western concepts. At one level, this might appear to compromise the integrity of the Asian approaches. However, it needs to be stressed that this is a calculated strategy on the ...part of the authors. The objective of the rediscovery of this terrain of Asian approaches to communication is to revitalize and expand the field of communication by drawing on these rich resources. In order to do this, one must first gain legitimacy for these approaches in the eyes of Western and Western-trained Asian communication scholars. It is for this reason that many of the authors in this volume have thought it fit to explicate Asian approaches in relation to Western concepts. This book, which addresses itself to the task of rediscovering a terrain for communication theory, consists of 13 essays. The opening essay argues for the compelling need to study Asian approaches to communication. It does this by pointing out how Asian approaches to the study of communication can supplement, enrich, and challenge Western approaches. It points out that the Asian approaches should no longer be ignored as they can prove to be extremely productive in widening the discourse of communication metatheory." (Introduction, p.xii)
more
"This volume is the first fully comprehensive account of film production in the Third World. Although they are usually ignored or marginalized in histories of world cinema," Third World countries now produce well over half of the world's films. Roy Armes sets out initially to place this huge output ...in a wider context, examining the forces of tradition and colonialism that have shaped the Third World--defined as those countries that have emerged from Western control but have not fully developed their economic potential or rejected the capitalist system in favor of some socialist alternative. He then considers the paradoxes of social structure and cultural life in the post-independence world, where even such basic concepts as "nation," "national culture," and "language" are problematic. The first experience of cinema for such countries has invariably been that of imported Western films, which created the audience and, in most cases, still dominate the market today. Thus, Third World film makers have had to ssert their identity against formidable outside pressures. The later sections of the book look at their output from a number of angles: in terms of the stages of overall growth and corresponding stages of cinematic development; from the point of view of regional evolution in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; and through a detailed examination of the work of some of the Third World's most striking film innovators. In addition to charting the broad outlines of filmic developments too little known in Europe and the United States, the book calls into question many of the assumptions that shape conventional film history. It stresse the role of distribution in defining and limiting production, queries simplistic notions of independent "national cinemas," and points to the need to take social and economic factors into account when considering authorship in cinema. Above all, the book celebrates the achievements of a mass of largely unknown film makers who, in difficult circumstances, have distinctively expanded our definitions of the art of cinema." (Publisher)
more