"The halting progress of the Tunisian media reform reflects the uncertainty and vulnerability of the political reform. As Professor of Communication and Democracy Katrin Voltmer contends, emerging media systems are unique types that are a blend of inherited structures, the constraints of the transit...ions, and the reform movement’s choices. The new Tunisian media system retains features of the old regime while embedding the contradictions and struggles that paint the emerging political system. Eleven years after the Jasmine Revolution, the media reform is still governed by ambiguity, having turned into a field of political struggle between progressive and conservative forces and their allies. The president’s recent move to suspend the parliament and his highly controversial referendum on a new constitution granting him extraordinary powers, which passed following an unprecedented level of low turnout, have plunged the democratic consolidation process into turmoil. Sharp divisions have emerged between Saeid’s supporters and opponents, exacerbating uncertainty and ambiguity." (Conclusion)
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"Despite the grim outlook, media development efforts in Burma between 2010 and 2020 may be instructive not only for donors pondering the way forward, but also for media assistance efforts in other countries in transition. This report, part of the Center for International Media Assistance’s “Medi...a Reform amid Political Upheaval” project, highlights the resiliency and impact of the extensive projects that media assistance actors and donors took in advance of Burma’s 2010 opening. It also serves as a case study in the dangers of supporting captured institutions, such as Burmese state media, when the entities that control those institutions are not committed to a democratic transition. In Burma’s case, the mainstream media reform agenda was guided by influential media development donors that supported government priorities to the detriment of independent journalists and grassroots activists who had an alternative vision for the country’s future. Finally, this briefing looks at two coalitions that undertook major reform campaigns during Burma’s opening, and draws on interviews from 42 people in the sector to outline principles that donors and media assistance organizations might use to navigate the post-coup environment." (p.2-3)
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"The evolution of media towards mainly digital platforms has provoked a long crisis in their financing, often resulting in them being absorbed into large industrial groups seeking political influence. In the North as in the South, economic models for independent news and information need to be reinv...ented." (p.1)
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"The MDP has made the safety of Palestinian journalists one of its priority areas of intervention. Building on a series of training courses and open dialogues organized by UNESCO with support from SIDA in 2017 between journalists and members of the Palestinian security forces, UNESCO sustained its a...dvocacy efforts throughout 2018 and advanced planning for activities rolled out in 2019. The year 2019 was marked by two major achievements in advancing the safety of Palestinian journalists and enhancing the implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and Issue of Impunity, namely the creation of a Safety Officers Network across several media organizations and the establishment of a national monitoring mechanism, launched in cooperation with the Palestinian Journalists’ Syndicate and under the patronage of the Prime Minister of Palestine. Both the network and the mechanism were reinforced throughout 2020 and 2021 through series of capacity-building activities and in-house coaching for their respective members." (p.1)
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" ... in 2019, UNESCO’s Addis Ababa Liaison Office engaged the African Union, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) and a wide range of partners to ensure adequate responses to the protection of journalists and the fight against impunity in Africa. These consultative meetin...gs led to the submission of a request for the establishment of a ACHPR Working Group on the Promotion and Protection of Journalism and the Safety of Journalists in Africa. The same year, UNESCO also contributed to the ACHPR’s revision of the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa. Based on these calls and numerous consultations, UNESCO gave in 2020 the impetus for the creation of a continental safety mechanisms involving 54 African Union Member States, inspired by the Council of Europe’s Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists. The creation of this platform involved four African Union bodies, as well as the African Editors Forum (TAEF), the Federation of African Journalists (FAJ), the Africa Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) and ARTICLE 19. This online coordination platform allows for real time monitoring, reporting and follow-up actions by both duty-bearers and right-holders. It represents remarkable progress in the fight against impunity for violence against journalists, while also creating long-lasting synergies among African media stakeholders." (p.1-2)
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"In this article, I examine the development of journalism in Vietnam by exploring documentation from two media aid projects carried out by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) from 1993 until 2007. The project documents contain fieldnotes, evaluations and reflections from ...the trainers who were recruited from Swedish media houses to conduct training in Vietnam. A qualitative document analysis was used to examine the content with a conceptual framework built on notions of comparative media systems, global media ethics and the salience of social connections in Vietnam. The findings explore how the Swedish media aid intervened in the Vietnamese media by contributing to a technological transition of journalism although the training in newsroom management and media ethics were challenged by conflicting journalism ideology and social norms. The article contributes to the existing research on media development, reflections on media aid and the development of Vietnamese journalism by analysing project documents that provide first-hand information from a period when Vietnamese journalism underwent a dramatic transition towards the digitalized media system existing today." (Abstract)
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"This document offers a summary of a broad-based process underway in the wider media development community to develop principles for effective support to the media sector, and its relevance for the work of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC). The document includes... background information on IPDC’s engagement in this process. Continued IPDC participation is proposed." (p.1)
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"This position paper puts forward suggestions for further practical and theoretical engagement with media development cooperation. It draws from the experience of the four-year graduate school MEDAS 21 engaging with diverse perspectives in this broad field." (Executive summary)
"A decade after the beginning of the civil war, Syria remains among the most dangerous environments for journalists and media workers. Between 2011 and 2021, UNESCO’s Observatory recorded 113 killings of journalists. In its 2021 report, covering the years between 2011 and 2020, the Syrian Center f...or Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) recorded 1,670 documented cases of media freedom violations committed by a variety of national and foreign actors. These include killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance and kidnapping, attacks on media headquarters, forced resignations, expulsions and deportations, as well as physical and verbal attacks.The Syrian media landscape is characterized by its polarization and sectarianism, which severely limits the Syrian population’s access to independent and reliable information. A multiplication of media outlets has been noted in recent years, but these are generally under heavy pressure to support the dominant faction in their area. As a result, Syrians are often exposed to highly partial media content, as well as to varying degrees of inflammatory hate speech. In zones controlled by the Syrian government, information is controlled by the State press agency, and media must obtain authorization from the Ministry of Information to operate.UNESCO’s response to these challenges has therefore been twofold: firstly, actions have focused on monitoring hate speech in Syrian media content in order to produce recommendations to counter it and thus prevent it from escalating conflict and hatred. Secondly, an action plan for the safety of Syrian journalists has been developed through multi-stakeholder consultations, which was completed by the development of a safety curriculum for Syrian journalism schools. UNESCO thus upscaled advocacy towards the prevention of hate speech in Syrian media through a monitoring project which started in 2017 and enabled the production of two monitoring studies in 2018 and 2020. In July 2019, the project brought together representatives of Syrian media at a meeting in Paris to discuss the outcomes of the first round of monitoring, which resulted in a consensus to put an end to this phenomenon and identify steps to curb it." (p.2)
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"This article tries to show that media development work could be based less on the idea of cooperation, but rather be perceived as a dominance of foreign funding countries and their politics. Taking this view, the donor organisations’ perceived dominance in controlling the entire process and meeti...ng their requirements seem to be more important than establishing relationships built on trust with the actors on site, and openness to adjust projects and funds to local needs on a more ad hoc basis. Based on a literature review and two case studies in India and Ghana, Elbers, Knippenberg and Schulpen (2014) explain why the approach to control often wins over the approach of trust; and what this means for development cooperation. According to them, the approach to control is based on the phenomenon of “development managerialism” where “[e]ffectiveness, efficiency and transparency became key principles” (p.1). Here, trust is replaced by indicators that can be controlled and measured to guarantee effectiveness and efficiency and justify funding decisions. At this point, it needs to be mentioned that donors and other funding organizations themselves have to be accountable to their central auditing authorities in their re-spective home countries. Thus, the focus on controlling the process at the expense of neglecting empowerment and autonomy of the recipients maybe beyond their control or intention." (p.8)
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"The stories presented here are some examples of how the Multi-Donor Programme for Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) works to provide countries and their populations with the necessary tools to nurture a free and independent media. This includes promoting the adoption of policies... and standards on freedom of expression and safety of journalists, and fostering diversity, gender equality and media and information literacy through and with the media." (https://en.unesco.org/themes/fostering-freedom-expression/mdp/stories)
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"Yemen was added as a beneficiary country under the MDP in 2020, with the aim of promoting joint and/or coordinated media development actions to reinforce access to information and freedom of expression, both online and offline. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, activities had to be postponed t...o 2021. In the meantime, the MDP organized a series of trainings for local journalists in partnership with Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalists (ARIJ) in response to the COVID-19 health crisis. In a country like Yemen, whose depleted health system is struggling, equipping local journalists with the necessary skills to best inform the public, raise awareness about the pandemic and fight against disinformation appeared as an urgent need." (p.2)
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"Through the implementation of the MDP, UNESCO has sought to contribute to better democratic governance through improving freedom of the press and the quality of information available to the population in The Gambia. The “Support to Policy Development for Sustainability of Community Media in The G...ambia” initiative specifically targeted community media, with the ultimate output being a policy that addresses their financial, technical and administrative needs to ensure their sustainability." (p.1)
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"The role of the media is critical for the future of South Sudan’s peacebuilding process, democracy and development. For this purpose, the Multi-Donor Programme has since 2018 supported the establishment of a safe and enabling environment for media through advocacy, awareness-raising, capacity-bui...lding and policy advice. This support builds on past actions undertaken by UNESCO, such as advocacy towards the adoption of Access to Information, Broadcasting Corporation and Media Authority laws, the set-up of a national monitoring and reporting mechanism on media violations through the Union of Journalists’ Media Observatory, and the production of safety training modules adopted by the University of Juba, the Media Development Institute and the Association for Media Development in South Sudan (AMDISS)." (p.2)
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"When conflicts emerge the media often become, intended or not, a key actor. It is through media that every party within a conflict attempts to convey its own narrative, contributing to a complex reality that affects journalists’ work in many different ways. This article aims to reflect on Bläsi...s (2004) factors of influence on conflict coverage in the context of media development in Burkina Faso and the Central African Republic. Developed from a western standpoint on war reporters covering foreign conflicts, we propose to adapt this model to ‘local’ contexts in order to provide a more holistic analysis of journalism in conflict settings, but also to propose entry points for constructive coordination among multiple media development actors. In this article, we discuss the audience dimension, the pressure put through lobbies, the journalists’ personal features, the situation on-site, structural factors referring to the broader media and information system, and the political climate. We strive to offer a critique so as to adapt to the relevance of ‘local’ journalists living and reporting in conflict-affected areas, in which media development assistance often takes place, in opposition to international foreign correspondents that are deployed to cover far-away violent conflicts." (Abstract)
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"The MDP has sought throughout the reporting period to assist in the implementation of Morocco’s new legal framework, while also supporting compliance to international standards. Actions build on previous work such as an agreement signed with the Ministry for the Reform of Public Administration in... October 2017, through which an action plan was developed. The implementation of the ATI law was notably supported under the MDP between 2018 and 2021 through the training of Public Information Officers and the production of pedagogical tools, with the support from the highest levels of government. This resulted in the creation of a first cohort public information officers, who graduated in July 2019. In the aftermath of this activity, the Prime Minister of Morocco pledged his support to mainstream ATI within the government and to promote transparency and accountability. UNESCO also held advocacy meetings together with The Ministry of Economy and Finance and other institutions, and in particular with the Ministry of Interior that governs all civil servants at the regional and municipal levels to ensure the proper implementation of the ATI law. Support was likewise granted towards the alignment of Morocco’s media-related laws with international standards, including the law on audio-visual communication and the Penal Code. This was notably done in 2019 through workshops targeting CSOs and parliamentarians from the Commission on Media, Culture and Education. It was thus identified that members of the parliament had limited knowledge on international standards pertaining to freedom of expression and access to information. Engagement with MPs was cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic and by legislative elections held in late 2021. Rebuilding engagement with incoming MPs in coming years will therefore be necessary to maintain interest in this initiative." (p.2)
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"The academic study of media development as a field of practice and international cooperation has received quite some impetus in the last couple of years. Theory-building in this research field, however, seems to be stagnating. The explanatory power of established theories such as modernization, dep...endency or participation appears limited in the light of recent empirical findings that point to increasing ‘bureaucratization’ and ‘proceduralization’ in the media development sector. Against this background, this article sets out to find an analytical model that adequately grasps the logics guiding the work of media development’s various actors – from donors to intermediary organizations to local NGOs. Theoretical input from organizational institutionalism seems to offer a promising perspective for characterizing the institutional logics that shape (yet do not determine) media development practice. On this basis, the article proposes an analytical framework that allows to categorize media development actors’ beliefs and practices between the poles of social transformation logics and managerial logics." (Abstract)
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" ... new legislation has been introduced that could have a detrimental effect on freedom of expression and access to information. This includes a “fake news” bill that was approved by the Senate in June 2020 and allows for the criminalization of certain online content, creates identification re...quirements for online platforms account holders, and obliges private-messaging apps to retain communications. In May 2021, a new bill replacing the National Security Act was introduced, which contains provisions criminalizing “mass misleading communication”, and lacks protection measures for investigative journalists. Brazil was therefore added as a target country under the MDP in October 2021 with the aim of enhancing the safety of journalists, building on past experiences in supporting media in the region. Actions notably build on support to ABRAJI from the Global Media Defence Fund, through which ABRAJI is developing a local mechanism to monitor and report on gender-based violence against women journalists. These first few months under the MDP served as an inception phase, during which planning advanced for activities in 2022 and 2023. Future actions will be aligned with the Hague Commitment to Increase the Safety of Journalists, to which Brazil is a signatory, and will come to reinforce the implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity." (p.2)
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"To ensure the survival of Afghanistan’s media sector after the regime change, reprogrammed funding from the MDP and the Global Media Defence Fund (GMDF) provided emergency support t o independent Afghan media outlets that had seen their viability disrupted as a result of the crisis. Through this,... UNESCO supported the development of factual, verified and life-saving humanitarian information, conflict-sensitive reporting, and educational broadcasting. Since then, over 40 reports produced in English, Dari and Pashto across 17 provinces have reached over seven million beneficiaries. This was done with the overarching aim of supporting the safety of journalists, of avoiding an information vacuum in Afghanistan, as well as of preventing the extinction of professional and independent journalism in the country." (p.3)
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"The media reform process in Ethiopia’s political transition has made significant improvements to the policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks. If institutionalized and implemented with robust stakeholder engagement, the reform could help build a sustainable, vibrant, independent, and viable media... business environment essential to democratic consolidation. The task, however daunting, has shown the resolve of state and nonstate actors to work collaboratively in spite of staunch differences to reach compromised solutions and build consensus on important media reform issues. That volunteer legal and media experts have spearheaded a participatory legislative and regulatory reform process will help instill a democratic culture, which would be instrumental in operationalizing a sector-wide self-regulatory mechanism and capacity-building efforts to professionalize the sector. Ethiopia’s political transition has been rather bumpy and full of crises that have threatened progress—a situation that should be expected to continue into the future." (Conclusion, p.21)
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