Category Extremism & Hate Speech

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State of play: trends in terrorist and violent extremist use of the internet 2022

Tech Against Terrorism (2023), 32 pp.

CC BY-NC-ND

"Over 2022, we have identified shifts in how a range of terrorist and violent extremist (TVE) networks operate online, including both Islamist and far-right terrorist groups and individuals. These shifts include changes in the types of platforms they target, the methods of propaganda sharing, and in... more

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'Hated speech' and the costs of freedom in India

Preeti Raghunath

Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2022), iv, 35 pp.

"[…] This project looks at experiences and observations of what it means to speak truth to power and receive hate as it is manifested through varying degrees of violence, across a variety of instances. Drawing on the responses of 15 interviewees, this qualitative research report presents 3 section... more

Hassprediger Gottes: der amerikanische Radio-Priester Father Charles Coughlin

Helmut Klumpjan

Alibri Verlag (2022), 321 pp., illustr., bibliogr. p.293-299, chronol. p.301-306

ISBN 978-3-86569-304-4

"Es ist erstaunlich, dass der römisch-katholische Radio-Priester Charles Coughlin – Vertreter der amerikanischen Religiösen Rechten, Antikommunist, Antisemit, Demagoge und Zeitzeuge der ersten America First-Bewegung – hierzulande so gut wie unbekannt ist. Ebenso erstaunlich ist, dass er bis vo... more

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Social media and hate

Shakuntala Banaji; Ramnath Bhat

London, New York: Routledge (2022), 130 pp., index

ISBN 978-0-367-53726-5 (pbk); 978-1-003-08307-8 (ebook) CC BY-NC-ND

"Using expert interviews and focus groups, this book investigates the theoretical and practical intersection of misinformation and social media hate in contemporary societies. Social Media and Hate argues that these phenomena, and the extreme violence and discrimination they initiate against targete... more

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Meeting the challenges of information disorder in the Global South

Herman Wasserman (ed.)

Rondebosch: Centre for Film and Media Studies University of Cape Town; International Development Research Center (IDRC) (2022), 256 pp.

CC BY

"Despite information disorder being a widespread problem in countries in the Global South, the study of this phenomenon remains dominated by examples, case studies, and models from the Global North. Knowledge about the various manifestations of information disorder, the range of responses, and the s... more

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Maria Ressa: fighting an onslaught of online violence. A big data analysis

Julie Posetti; Diana Maynard; Kalina Bontcheva

Washington, DC: International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) (2021), 44 pp.

CC BY-NC-SA

"This groundbreaking collaborative case study is the most comprehensive assessment of online violence against a prominent woman journalist to date. We conducted a forensic analysis of the torrent of social media attacks on internationally celebrated digital media pioneer Maria Ressa over a five-year... more

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Courage against hate

Facebook (ed.)

Facebook (2021), 128 pp.

"The Courage Against Hate initiative has been brought together by Facebook for the purpose of sparking cross-sector, pan-European dialogue and action to combat hate speech and extremism. This collection of articles unites European academic analysis with practitioners who are actively working on coun... more

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Online caste-hate speech: pervasive discrimination and humiliation on social media

Damni Kain; Shivangi Narayan; Torsha Sarkar; Gurshabad Grover

Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) (2021), 32 pp.

CC BY

"In India, religious texts, social customs, rituals, and everyday cultural practices legitimise the use of hate speech against marginalised caste groups. Notions of "purity" of “upper-caste” groups, and conversely of "pollution" of “lower-caste” groups, have made the latter subject to discri...mination, violence and dehumanisation. These dynamics invariably manifest online, with social media platforms becoming sites of caste discrimination and humiliation. This report explores two research questions. First, what are the specific contours of caste-hate speech and abuse online? Semi-structured interviews with 12 scholars and activists belonging to Dalit, Bahujan and Adivasi (DBA) groups show that marginalised groups regularly face hate and harassment based on their caste. In addition to the overt hate, DBA individuals and groups are often targeted with abuse for availing reservations – a constitutionally mandated right. More covert forms of hate and abuse are also prevalent: trolls mix caste names and words from different languages together so that their comments appear meaningless to individuals who are not keenly aware of the local context. Such hateful expression often emerges as a reaction from “upper-caste” groups to DBA resistance and social justice movements. Our respondents reported that the hateful expression can sometimes silence caste-marginalised groups and individuals, exclude them from conversations, and adversely impact their physical and mental well-being. The second question we explore is how popular social media platforms and online spaces moderate caste-hate speech and abuse. We analysed the community guidelines, policies and transparency reports of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Clubhouse. We find that Facebook, Twitter and YouTube incorporated "caste" as a protected characteristic in their hate speech and harassment policies only in the last two or three years – many years after they entered Indian and South Asian markets – showing a disregard for the regional contexts of their users. Even after these policy changes, many platforms – whose forms for reporting harmful content list gender and race – still do not list caste. Social media companies should radically increase their investment and capacity in understanding regional contexts and languages; they must focus on the dynamics of casteist hate and abuse. They will need to collaborate with a diverse set of DBA activists to ensure that their community guidelines effectively tackle overt, covert and hyper -local forms of caste-hate speech and abuse, and that their implementation and reporting processes match these policy commitments." (Eexecutive summary) more

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Bookmarks: a manual for combating hate speech online through human rights education

Ellie Keen; Mara Georgescu (eds.)

Strasbourg: Council of Europe (2020) Revised ed., 213 pp., illustr.

ISBN 978-92-871-9017-8

"Hate speech is one of the most worrying forms of racism and discrimination prevailing across Europe and amplified by the Internet and social media. Hate speech online is the visible tip of the iceberg of intolerance and ethnocentrism. Young people are directly concerned as agents and victims of onl... more

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Help stop the spread of disinformation! A guide and 10-point checklist to help people think before they link

Tina McCorkindale

Institute for Public Relations (2020), 6 pp.

Advancements in technology have made it difficult for people to discern real posts, sites, or videos from fake ones. To help, IPR has created “10 Ways to Identify Disinformation—A Checklist” to help people think before they link:1. Who is the author or source?2. How current is the sour... more

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Linkages as a lens: an exploration of strategic communications in P/CVE

Joe Whittaker; Lilah Elsayed

Journal for deradicalization, volume , issue 20 (2019), pp. 1-45

ISSN 2363-9849 CC BY-NC-ND

"Strategic communications for the purpose of countering violent extremism have become widespread in recent years, especially given the communications revolution which has amplified the messages of violent extremists and those that wish to counter them. Despite this, there is little-to-no research wh... more

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Information flows and radicalization leading to violent extremism in Central Asia

Search for Common Ground; Internews (2019), 77 pp.

CC BY-NC-SA

"The study is comprised of three main parts: a desk study of available and accessible material – reports, documents and media material; a qualitative study comprising over 200 interviews with ordinary people, experts, and persons with direct experience with radicalization leading to violent extrem...ism (RVE); and a quantitative component consisting of national surveys of people’s information consumption habits. For the desk study, the effort was made to gain as broad a picture as possible, that is, to cover all five countries of Central Asia – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. However, predictably and unfortunately, Uzbekistan and especially Turkmenistan proved difficult cases to study in full. For both the qualitative and quantitative field research activities, for several reasons, only the first three countries were included. As a result, this study is able to report most robustly on these three countries and propose observations regarding Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan only to a limited extent. Based on the desk study, the drivers of extremist sympathies as established in existing research have been political grievances (injustice from state structures; identity-based discrimination; oppressive political regimes, etc), economic difficulties (unemployment; indebtedness; poverty; and desire for quick and greater income) and ideological motivations (resentment of false values; striving for the singularly just and true life; for reward in a perceived afterlife). To these push and pull factors are added a range of enabling factors, such as migration, young age, gender (women), and means of communication. All these drivers of RVE need to be treated with caution, as stressed by various authors and suggested by evidence gained in field research. A general observation, gained from the desk research and supported by evidence in both qualitative and quantitative field studies, was the difference among the countries in degree of control over the information space, or the degree of hegemony over public discourse. Of the three most fully studied countries, hegemonic discourse was the strongest in Tajikistan, followed by Kazakhstan, and the least in Kyrgyzstan. Uzbekistan, analyzed to a limited extent, would be closer to the extreme of Tajikistan, whereas Turkmenistan was too closed to make reasonably robust observations." (p.3) more

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Digital Jihad: online communication and violent extremism

Francesco Marone (ed.)

Milano: Ledizioni LediPublishing; Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale (ISPI) (2019), 156 pp.

ISBN 9788855261371 (pdf); 9788855261357 (print)

"... this ISPI report aims to investigate the current landscape of jihadist online communication, including original empirical analysis. In doing so, the volume does not interpret the internet as a shapeless monolith but tries to highlight the opportunities and limitations of different digital platf... more

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Responding to ‘hate speech’: comparative overview of six EU countries

London: Article 19 (2018), 47 pp.

CC BY-NC-SA

"This publication presents the comparative overview of the legal framework and practices related to ‘hate speech’ in six Member States of the European Union (EU): Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom. The publication is based on six individual country reports commissio... more

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We can! Taking action against hate speech through counter and alternative narratives

Agata de Latour; Nina Perger; Ron Salaj; Claudio Tocchi; Paloma Viejo Otero

Cork: Primento Digital Publishing (2017) revised ed., 156 pp., bibliogr. p.167-169, glossary p.170-172

ISBN 978-92-871-8543-3 (ebook); 978-92-871-8445-0 (print)

Other Editions: also published in French

"WE CAN! is the latest addition to our toolbox against hate. The most damaging examples of hate speech are often grounded in simple stories, which are repeated over and over again in different forms. The migrants “taking our jobs” narrative, for example. Or the consistent claim, made by radicals... more

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Manifestations of online hate speech: reports on antisemitic, antiziganistic, homophobic and anti-Muslim hate speech

Maren Hamelmann; Camille Lhopitault; Andreas Schadauer

Amsterdam: International Network Against Cyber Hate (INACH) (2017), 232 pp.

"The aim of this report is to illustrate, on the basis of online hate speech examples from six countries - Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain -, patterns of cyber hate against four communities. The topics that will be subsequently analysed are: antisemitism, antiziganism, h... more

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Interventions to counter hate speech

Anna Louise Strachan

Birmingham: GSDRC (2014), 8 pp.

"A number of international organisations and NGOs suggest strategies for countering hate speech, but there is limited evidence of successful interventions. There is a general lack of impact evaluations of interventions to counter hate speech. When impact is measured it tends to be done in the short-... more

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Glossary of hate speech in the media of Armenia and Azerbaijan

Baku; Yerevan: Yerevan Press Club; “Yeni Nesil” Journalists’ Union of Azerbaijan; Eurasia Partnership Foundation (EPF); Foreign & Commonwealth Office (2013), 96 pp.

"The present analytical list of the most common clichés, stereotypes and examples of inaccurate (or reasonably questioned) information in the media of Armenia and Azerbaijan is based on the findings of a number of joint studies, administered by Yerevan Press Club and “Yeni Nesil” Journalists’... more

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The content and context of hate speech: rethinking regulation and responses

Michael Herz; Peter Molnar (eds.)

Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press (2012), xxiv, 544 pp., illustr., index

"The contributors to this volume consider whether it is possible to establish carefully tailored hate speech policies that are cognizant of the varying traditions, histories, and values of different countries. Throughout, there is a strong comparative emphasis, with examples (and authors) drawn from... more

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The media and the Rwanda genocide

Allan Thompson (ed.)

Contributor(s): Kofi Annan Statement by

London; Kampala; Ottawa: Pluto Press; Fountain Publishers; International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (2007), xvi, 463 pp., index, bibliogr. p.447-454

ISBN 978-0-7453-2625-2 (pbk); 978-0-7453-2626-9 (hbk)

"This book examines the crucial role the media played in the 1994 Rwanda genocide, bringing together local reporters and commentators from Rwanda, Western journalists, and media theorists. Part One (eight articles) describes and analyzes "Hate Media in Rwanda", mainly, but not exclusively, focusing ... more

Our Recommendations

New Publications

State of play: trends in terrorist and violent extremist use of the internet 2022

'Hated speech' and the costs of freedom in India

Hassprediger Gottes: der amerikanische Radio-Priester Father Charles Coughlin

Social media and hate

Meeting the challenges of information disorder in the Global South

Maria Ressa: fighting an onslaught of online violence. A big data analysis

Courage against hate

Online caste-hate speech: pervasive discrimination and humiliation on social media

Bookmarks: a manual for combating hate speech online through human rights education

Help stop the spread of disinformation! A guide and 10-point checklist to help people think before they link

Linkages as a lens: an exploration of strategic communications in P/CVE

Information flows and radicalization leading to violent extremism in Central Asia

Digital Jihad: online communication and violent extremism

Responding to ‘hate speech’: comparative overview of six EU countries

We can! Taking action against hate speech through counter and alternative narratives

Manifestations of online hate speech: reports on antisemitic, antiziganistic, homophobic and anti-Muslim hate speech

Interventions to counter hate speech

Glossary of hate speech in the media of Armenia and Azerbaijan

The content and context of hate speech: rethinking regulation and responses

The media and the Rwanda genocide