The media and the Rwanda genocide
Contributor(s): Kofi Annan Statement by
London; Kampala; Ottawa:
Pluto Press; Fountain Publishers; International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
(2007), xvi, 463 pp., index, bibliogr. p.447-454
ISBN 978-0-7453-2625-2 (pbk); 978-0-7453-2626-9 (hbk)
"This book examines the crucial role the media played in the 1994 Rwanda genocide, bringing together local reporters and commentators from Rwanda, Western journalists, and media theorists. Part One (eight articles) describes and analyzes "Hate Media in Rwanda", mainly, but not exclusively, focusing on Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM). Part Two (thirteen articles) presents a critique of international media coverage of the genocide, including not only the United States and Western Europe, but also Kenya and Nigeria. Part three (five articles) covers the deliberations by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda on the role of the media in the genocide, identifying various missed opportunities. Part Four, "After the Genocide and the Way Forward" (six articles), goes beyond the Rwanda experiences, tackling issues like the use and abuse of media in vulnerable societies. The authors outline how censorship and propaganda can be avoided, argue for a new responsibility in media reporting, and give recommendations for media intervention in the prevention of genocidal violence." (CAMECO Update 1-2008)
Contents
1 Introduction / Allan Thompson, 1
2 The Media Dichotomy / Roméo Dallaire, 12
3 Rwanda: Walking the Road to Genocide / Gerald Caplan, 20
I. HATE MEDIA IN RWANDA
4 Call to Genocide: Radio in Rwanda, 1994 / Alison Des Forges, 41
5 RTLM Propaganda: the Democratic Alibi / Jean-Pierre Chrétien, 55
6 Kangura: the Triumph of Propaganda Refined / Marcel Kabanda, 62
7 Rwandan Private Print Media on the Eve of the Genocide / Jean-Marie Vianney Higiro, 73
8 Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda / Darryl Li, 90
9 RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder / Mary Kimani, 110
10 The Effect of RTLM’s Rhetoric of Ethnic Hatred in Rural Rwanda / Charles Mironko, 125
11 Journalism in a Time of Hate Media / Thomas Kamilindi, 136
II. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE GENOCIDE
12 Reporting the Genocide / Mark Doyle, 145
13 Who Failed in Rwanda, Journalists or the Media? / Anne Chaon, 160
14 Reporting Rwanda: the Media and the Aid Agencies / Lindsey Hilsum, 167
15 Limited Vision: How Both the American Media and Government Failed Rwanda / Steven Livingston, 188
16 Missing the Story: the Media and the Rwanda Genocide / Linda Melvern, 198
17 What Did They Say? African Media Coverage of the First 100 Days of the Rwanda Crisis / Emmanuel C. Alozie, 211
18 Exhibit 467: Genocide Through a Camera Lens / Nick Hughes, 231
19 Media Failure over Rwanda’s Genocide / Tom Giles, 235
20 A Genocide Without Images: White Film Noirs / Edgar Roskis, 238
21 Notes on Circumstances that Facilitate Genocide: the Attention Given to Rwanda by the Media and Others Outside Rwanda Before 1990 / Mike Dottridge, 242
22 The Media’s Failure: a Refl ection on the Rwanda Genocide / Richard Dowden, 248
23 How the Media missed the Rwanda Genocide / Alan J. Kuperman, 256
24 An Analysis of News Magazine Coverage of the Rwanda Crisis in the United States / Melissa Wall, 261
III. JOURNALISM AS GENOCIDE – THE MEDIA TRIAL
25 The Verdict: Summary Judgement from the Media Trial, 277
26 The Pre-Genocide Case Against Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines / Simone Monasebian, 308
27 The Challenges in Prosecuting Print Media for Incitement to Genocide / Charity Kagwi-Ndungu, 330
28 ‘Hate Media’ – Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide: Opportunities Missed by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda / Jean-Marie Biju-Duval, 343
29 A Lost Opportunity for Justice: Why Did the ICTR Not Prosecute Gender Propaganda? / Binaifer Nowrojee, 362
IV. AFTER THE GENOCIDE AND THE WAY FORWARD
30 Intervening to Prevent Genocidal Violence: the Role of the Media / Frank Chalk, 375
31 Information in Crisis Areas as a Tool for Peace: the Hirondelle Experience / Philippe Dahinden, 381
32 The Use and Abuse of Media in Vulnerable Societies / Mark Frohardt and Jonathan Temin, 389
33 Censorship and Propaganda in Post-Genocide Rwanda / Lars Waldorf, 404
34 PG – Parental Guidance or Portrayal of Genocide: the Comparative Depiction of Mass Murder in Contemporary Cinema / Michael Dorland, 417
35 The Responsibility to Report: a New Journalistic Paradigm / Allan Thompson, 433
2 The Media Dichotomy / Roméo Dallaire, 12
3 Rwanda: Walking the Road to Genocide / Gerald Caplan, 20
I. HATE MEDIA IN RWANDA
4 Call to Genocide: Radio in Rwanda, 1994 / Alison Des Forges, 41
5 RTLM Propaganda: the Democratic Alibi / Jean-Pierre Chrétien, 55
6 Kangura: the Triumph of Propaganda Refined / Marcel Kabanda, 62
7 Rwandan Private Print Media on the Eve of the Genocide / Jean-Marie Vianney Higiro, 73
8 Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda / Darryl Li, 90
9 RTLM: the Medium that Became a Tool for Mass Murder / Mary Kimani, 110
10 The Effect of RTLM’s Rhetoric of Ethnic Hatred in Rural Rwanda / Charles Mironko, 125
11 Journalism in a Time of Hate Media / Thomas Kamilindi, 136
II. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE GENOCIDE
12 Reporting the Genocide / Mark Doyle, 145
13 Who Failed in Rwanda, Journalists or the Media? / Anne Chaon, 160
14 Reporting Rwanda: the Media and the Aid Agencies / Lindsey Hilsum, 167
15 Limited Vision: How Both the American Media and Government Failed Rwanda / Steven Livingston, 188
16 Missing the Story: the Media and the Rwanda Genocide / Linda Melvern, 198
17 What Did They Say? African Media Coverage of the First 100 Days of the Rwanda Crisis / Emmanuel C. Alozie, 211
18 Exhibit 467: Genocide Through a Camera Lens / Nick Hughes, 231
19 Media Failure over Rwanda’s Genocide / Tom Giles, 235
20 A Genocide Without Images: White Film Noirs / Edgar Roskis, 238
21 Notes on Circumstances that Facilitate Genocide: the Attention Given to Rwanda by the Media and Others Outside Rwanda Before 1990 / Mike Dottridge, 242
22 The Media’s Failure: a Refl ection on the Rwanda Genocide / Richard Dowden, 248
23 How the Media missed the Rwanda Genocide / Alan J. Kuperman, 256
24 An Analysis of News Magazine Coverage of the Rwanda Crisis in the United States / Melissa Wall, 261
III. JOURNALISM AS GENOCIDE – THE MEDIA TRIAL
25 The Verdict: Summary Judgement from the Media Trial, 277
26 The Pre-Genocide Case Against Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines / Simone Monasebian, 308
27 The Challenges in Prosecuting Print Media for Incitement to Genocide / Charity Kagwi-Ndungu, 330
28 ‘Hate Media’ – Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide: Opportunities Missed by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda / Jean-Marie Biju-Duval, 343
29 A Lost Opportunity for Justice: Why Did the ICTR Not Prosecute Gender Propaganda? / Binaifer Nowrojee, 362
IV. AFTER THE GENOCIDE AND THE WAY FORWARD
30 Intervening to Prevent Genocidal Violence: the Role of the Media / Frank Chalk, 375
31 Information in Crisis Areas as a Tool for Peace: the Hirondelle Experience / Philippe Dahinden, 381
32 The Use and Abuse of Media in Vulnerable Societies / Mark Frohardt and Jonathan Temin, 389
33 Censorship and Propaganda in Post-Genocide Rwanda / Lars Waldorf, 404
34 PG – Parental Guidance or Portrayal of Genocide: the Comparative Depiction of Mass Murder in Contemporary Cinema / Michael Dorland, 417
35 The Responsibility to Report: a New Journalistic Paradigm / Allan Thompson, 433
