Our Recommendations
- The global expression report 2022: the intensifying battle for narrative control (2022)
- Digitalisation and civic space: chances and challenges (2022)
- The return of digital authoritarianism: internet shutdowns in 2021 (2022)
- A taxonomy of internet shutdowns: the technologies behind network interference (2022)
- Journalism is a public good: world trends in freedom of expression and media development, global report 2021/2022 (2022)
New Publications
- Principios para garantizar la diversidad y el pluralismo en la radiodifusión y los servicios de comunicación audiovisual (2010)
- Travel guide to the digital world: surveillance and international standards (2014)
- Regardless of frontiers: global freedom of expression in a troubled world (2021)
- Journalismus in Burundi: Erfahrungswelten in Konflikt und Transformation (2019)
- Kept in the dark: social and psychological impacts of network shutdowns in India (2018)
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The state of press freedom in Southern Africa 2019-2020
Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA)
(2021), 79 pp.
CC BY-SA
Let free media thrive: stories of impact of the multi-donor programme on freedom of expression and safety of journalists
Paris:
UNESCO
(2021), 18 pp.
"The collection of stories presented here aims to highlight the impact of the MDP's (Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists) MDP’s actions over the course of this challenging year. Through testimonies from beneficiaries and partners who aspire to improve freedom o...
¿Hay concentración en internet en América Latina? El caso Colombia
Montevideo:
Observacom; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES)
(2021), 19 pp.
"El análisis de la información disponible sobre ocho indicadores de concentración en Internet en Colombia muestra que en casi todas ellas unas pocas empresas tienen una posición dominante en el mercado o servicio relevado: 1. Acceso a Internet fija: Las cuatro empresas de telecomunicaciones más...
The great firewall of China: how to build and control an alternative version of the internet
London:
Zed Books
(2021), xv, 423 pp., bibliogr. p.407-411, index
ISBN 978-1-350-26531-8 (pbk); 978-1-350-25791-7 (hbk); 978-1-350-25793-1 (ebook)
Other Editions: hardback ed. 2019
"China's 'Great Firewall' has evolved into the most sophisticated system of online censorship in the world. As the Chinese internet grows and online businesses thrive, speech is controlled, dissent quashed, and attempts to organise outside the official Communist Party are quickly stamped out. Update...
Why access to information is essential for democratic elections in Africa
Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA)
(2021), 5 pp.
"Among the various forms of online censorship, internet shutdowns are some of the most invasive and blunt. Unlike traditional forms of censorship like blocking internet pages or certain content, these disruptions to digital communications are architectural and affect a preliminary condition in the i...
The politics of impunity: a study of journalists’ experiential accounts of impunity in Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Mexico and Pakistan
Journalism, volume 22, issue 2 (2021), pp. 303-319
"Definitions of impunity regarding crimes against journalists have thus far been too narrow. Therefore, we propose a new approach to understanding impunity as also being grounded in journalists’ lived reality and perceptions to better understand the complexity and breadth of impunity. It is based ...
Tipping point: democratic erosion and the assault on press freedom
Washington, DC:
Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA)
(2021), 24 pp.
"The majority of people now live under illiberal regimes or some form of autocracy as a consequence of democratic declines occurring globally since 2010. Understanding the driving forces behind this historic setback to democratic progress will be essential for turning the tide. An analysis of media ...
¿Hay concentración en internet en América Latina? El caso Argentina
Montevideo:
Observacom; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES)
(2021), 20 pp.
"El análisis de la información parece confirmar de manera contundente la existencia de concentración en Internet en Argentina, en manos de pocas empresas en cada una de sus categorías: 1. Acceso a Internet fija: El Grupo Clarín concentra casi la mitad del mercado de acceso a servicios de Intern...
Taking control? Internet censorship and surveillance in Russia: Update
Berlin:
Reporters Without Borders
(2021), 53 pp.
Other Editions: also published in German and Russian
"This update to the RSF report “Taking Control? Internet Censorship and Surveillance in Russia” (published in November 2019) focuses on the period between the 2019 elections and the parliamentary elections in September 2021. It describes how the Kremlin has severely restricted press freedom and ...
Journalism blocked, information seized: a tale of how internet shutdown crippled media work in Uganda
Unwanted Witness
(2021), 21 pp.
"Notably, effective media coverage of the general elections in Uganda was curtailed by the internet shutdown as pointed out by 80% of the respondents. On the whole, the shutdown had negative impact on both the quality and quantity of the news output. For example, Mobile money services were interrupt...
Shattered dreams and lost opportunities: a year in the fight to #KeepItOn
Access Now; #KeepItOn
(2021), 34 pp.
"Access Now and the #KeepItOn Coalition documented at least 155 internet shutdown1 incidents around the world in 29 countries. When compared to 2018 and 2019, this is a lower number of shutdowns. However, the smaller number of shutdowns is not an indication of the lessened impact of a shutdown or an...
Study on internet shutdowns in Africa, 2021
African Internet Rights Alliance (AIRA)
(2021), 34 pp.
"Between 2016 and 2021, 68 shutdowns have been documented in 29 African countries. This demonstrates that government-mandated internet disruptions are an established norm in the region, despite very little scientific or social evidence demonstrating their effectiveness. A number of pointers and fact...
Regardless of frontiers: global freedom of expression in a troubled world
New York:
Columbia University Press
(2021), xxiv, 409 pp., index
ISBN 978-0-231-19698-7 (hbk); 978-0-231-19699-4 (pbk)
"This volume brings together leading experts from a variety of fields to critically evaluate the extent to which global norms on freedom of expression and information have been established and which actors and institutions have contributed to their diffusion. The contributors also consider ongoing a...
Derecho a la comunicación en América Latina
Santaigo de Cali; Guadalajara:
Asociación de Universidades Confiadas a la Compañía de Jesús en América Latina (AUSJAL); Sello Editorial Javeriano Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO)
(2021), 287 pp.
ISBN 978-607-8768-21-9
"... el libro propone un diálogo a partir de tres categorías, a saber: 1) las limitaciones al acceso a la información y sus impactos en la vida política; 2) el régimen jurídico de la comunicación; y 3) los medios de comunicación y la representación política. Esta perspectiva, nos ayuda a f...
Internet shutdowns and elections handbook: a guide for election observers, embassies, activists, and journalists
Access Now; KeepItOn
(2021), 10 pp.
"This handbook explains how internet shutdowns undermine democractic elections and provides tips and recommendations for key actors to navigate shutdowns and understand and assess the extent to which an election taking place under a shutdown is free and fair. It is aimed at election observers, peopl...
Let free media thrive: stories of impact of the multi-donor programme on freedom of expression and safety of journalists
Paris:
UNESCO
(2020), 19 pp.
"2019 has seen major achievements resulting from needs-based, and specifically-tailored support through the Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP). Actions building on ongoing work and others opening new avenues, have initiated substantial changes in favour of...
The public sphere in Russia between authoritarianism and liberation
Javnost: the public, volume 27, issue 1 (2020), pp. 2-96
Iran: tightening the net 2020. After blood and shutdowns
London:
Article 19
(2020), 63 pp.
"In November 2019, protests broke out across Iran over a fuel price hike; authorities responded with violence and repression. They also disconnected millions of Iranians from the Internet. Iran’s November shutdowns were unprecedented in length and reach. On a vast scale, they cut people off from v...
The rise of internet throttling: a hidden threat to media development
Washington, DC:
Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA)
(2020)
"An increasing number of governments around the world are forcing internet service providers to slow their services during critical sociopolitical junctures—a practice known as throttling—infringing on citizens’ right to information and freedom of expression. Despite its deleterious impact on ...
Unshackling expression: Philippines report
Foundation for Media Alternatives; Cyrilla; Association for Progressive Communications (APC)
(2020), 44 pp.
"It may be observed that, first, at the level of public perception, government actions to restrict free speech are often preceded by statements criticizing the media and foreshadowing a penalty or sanction, which are actually directed to the public and not the media, as if to prime the latter on the...
