"[Este libro] presenta ocho capítulos que se muestran críticos frente a las posibilidades y promesas de la cultura digital, denunciando que la red ha reproducido las formas de desigualdad del mundo analógico. Los autores proponen una reflexión crítica frente a ciertos discursos que se presentan... como democráticos y subversivos en la sociedad del e-conocimiento, pero que esconden en su funcionamiento retazos de la tiranía monopolizadora neocapitalista que ha encontrado en el ciberespacio un nuevo lugar de colonización y explotación. Muestran una visión crítica, política e ideológica desde el ámbito latinoamericano, una visión un tanto tecnopesimista en ocasiones, pero muy necesaria en el siglo xxi." (Prólogo, p.10)
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"The persistent gender gap in mobile access and use is already well documented, as are the significant benefits of closing it. Across low- and middle-income countries today, women are eight per cent less likely than men to own a mobile phone, 20 per cent less likely to use mobile internet and 33 per... cent less likely to use mobile money. Often, it is those marginalised women who are without access to a mobile phone and all its services who would benefit most from using one. Equipping women with mobiles, bringing them online and enabling them to access a wealth of information and services, including mobile money and mobile internet, can also have a positive impact on their families and communities, and help to achieve many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. For the mobile industry, this also makes business sense. We estimate that closing the gender gap in mobile access and use could generate a revenue uplift for the mobile industry of 12 to 37 per cent in a typical low- and middle-income market in Africa, and 11 to 54 per cent in Asia. This guide outlines the practical steps mobile operators can take to reach female customers and realise this opportunity. Drawing on our research and work with operators and other partners across Africa, Asia and Latin America over the last decade, including a recent survey of employees from mobile operating companies (opcos) by Altai Consulting, we have distilled 10 key recommendations for reaching women with mobile. While consideration of the unique local context is crucial, some overarching themes have emerged. Examples are used to illustrate our recommendations, and some in-depth case studies are included in the Appendix." (Introduction, p.6)
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"There are now more than 3.8 billion mobile internet subscribers globally, representing 49% of the world’s population. However, adoption has not been equitable, with mobile internet adoption standing at 26% in Sub-Saharan Africa at the end of 2019. The region accounts for almost half of the global... population not covered by a mobile broadband network." (p.1)
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"This article discusses participatory methods for data gathering in the context of a partnership between a Swiss-based media development organization, Fondation Hirondelle, and a research team at the University of Sheffield. In 2018–2019, the partnership conducted fieldwork which focused on the im...pact of radio on women listeners in Niger. The project used participatory methods of data gathering in the form of workshops and focus group discussions (FGDs). The article examines the advantages and limitations of combining the practical experience of international development organizations and the in-depth research capabilities of academia. To triangulate this collaboration and to navigate the limitations of FGDs, the use of workshops is discussed as an important method for providing feedback among the radio practitioners and experts in Niger. The article examines the usefulness of combining these methods and reshaping their application to promote participatory research with radio audiences and practitioners." (Abstract)
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"Facts and Figures 2020 reveals that people in rural areas continue to face greater challenges than people in urban areas in terms of remaining connected during the lockdown, especially in developing economies. Large swathes of the rural landscape are still not covered by mobile broadband networks, ...and fewer households in these areas have access to the Internet. Also worrying, the rollout of communications infrastructure is slowing. Since growth in communications infrastructure deployment was already showing signs of slowing in 2019, it is still too early to tell whether growth has stalled because of the pandemic, or whether there are other factors at play. This new edition of Facts and Figures also finds that mobile cellular subscriptions have been declining for the first time in history, and that growth in mobile broadband subscriptions is levelling out. Here, as before, it is not certain if this a result of the COVID-19 crisis: it will be interesting to see what happens once the world finally reverts to a more normal state of affairs. On a more optimistic note, our research confirms that, where connectivity is available, and affordable, young people are enthusiastic adopters of technology and have relatively high levels of Internet use. While overall just over half of the global population is using the Internet, among young people aged 15 to 24 this rises to almost 70 per cent. This is particularly encouraging in view of the fast-growing youth demographic in much of the developing world, where digital technologies have the potential to become a major accelerator of economic growth and development and an important driver of progress towards the 17 Sustainable Development Goals." (Foreword)
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"More than half of girls surveyed, from around the world, have been harassed and abused online. One in four girls abused online feels physically unsafe as a result. Online abuse is silencing girls' voices. Girls are harassed just for being girls and it gets worse if they speak up about issues they c...are about. Race, sexuality and disability are targeted too. Nowhere feels safe, and for many, online harassment that follows them into their homes, and invades their hearts and minds, is just as frightening, physically and emotionally, as street harassment. The two are interwoven – the result of underlying misogyny that is determined to keep girls and women “in their place.” Perpetrators who threaten rape and physical violence, use abusive and sexist language, post manipulated photos and send pornographic pictures are able to remain anonymous and unconstrained; girls are often afraid, begin to restrict what they post and are forced to try and protect themselves. It is time for this to stop. Girls and young women are demanding change. Their experiences are not “normal” and girls should not have to put up with behaviour online which would be criminal on the streets. Governments and social media companies must take action." (Key findings, p.7)
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"The highest levels of regulation, from international treaties to constitutions, are unambiguous about creating an environment in which women thrive. However, this egalitarian space must be progressively realized, and one aspect of this work is eliminating discrimination, including in relation to ge...nder-based violence (GBV). Whether authorities care to admit it or not, the Internet is an inseparable part of the society in which we live, and online GBV demands a resolute hand. Unfortunately, the gaps in legal frameworks, not to mention deficient law enforcement, are forcing women to self-censor online or even wholly abandon platforms that could be used for legitimate expression and the exercise of other fundamental rights. Unless governments take urgent, comprehensive action, the inadequate protection of women’s rights online will continue to erode any other legislative attempts to achieve equality across different spheres of life." (Conclusion)
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"The meaningful connectivity standard is a tool to raise the bar for internet access and set more ambitious policy goals for digital development. It sets minimum thresholds across the four dimensions of internet access that matter most to users. These are: regular internet use - minimum threshold: d...aily use; an appropriate device - minimum threshold: access to a smartphone; enough data - minimum threshold: an unlimited broadband connection at home or a place of work or study; a fast connection - minimum threshold: 4G mobile connectivity." (Introduction)
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"Nove em cada 10 adultos conectados escutam rádio off-line. O rádio é o meio líder em confiança no Brasil. 64% percebem que a maioria das notícias consumidas no rádio é verdadeira. Mais da metade dos ouvintes brasileiros ligam o rádio porque querem se informar. Quando usado de forma combina...da, o rádio fortalece todas as mídias. A junção do rádio com revista, por exemplo, atinge quase três vezes mais consumidores do que quando se investe apenas no meio revista. Mais de 10 mil emissoras funcionam no Brasil. Cerca de metade delas é comercial. A faixa entre 6h e 18h concentra 3/4 de toda a audiência do rádio. Perfil do ouvinte de rádio é muito semelhante ao da população em geral. Patamar de alcance do rádio no Brasil é semelhante ao dos maiores mercados do mundo. Oito em cada 10 possuem rádio convencional. Um em cada cinco ouvintes escuta rádio pelo celular. Cresce o consumo de rádio on-line através do smartphone. Cerca de um em cada quatro ouvintes escuta rádio no carro. Em apenas cinco anos, dobrou a escuta de rádio pelo celular e quase triplicou o consumo pelo computador e em outros equipamentos." (Destaques, p.25)
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"The Operational Handbook for Contact Centres for online safety of children contains action guidelines as well as knowledge, procedures and rules for successful work through the helpline for providing quality assistance and support to children, youth, families, professionals, teachers and others wor...king with children and young people on the safer and secure use of the Internet and protection of children and young people when using modern technologies, as well as reporting illegal or harmful content on the Internet (hotline). The document also contains examples of good international and regional practices on the functioning of similar centres (Safer Internet Centres). The purpose of the Operational Handbook is to analyse the work of the Safer Internet Centres and offer guidance to the National Contact Centre for online safety of children in the Republic of Serbia on how to improve its efficiency and enhance its impact. This analysis also included a wider context in which the children helplines and reporting lines function, mapped out some of the new risks that children and young people might encounter in the digital environment, as well as the necessary support and resources needed for effective response and implications for the operational efficiency." (p.6)
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"Addressing depression in young people is a health-care policy need in sub-Saharan Africa. There exists poor mental health literacy, high levels of stigma, and weak capacity at the community level to address this health-care need. These challenges are significant barriers to accessing mental health ...care for depression, soon to be the largest single contributor to the global burden of disease. We here describe an innovative approach that addresses these issues simultaneously while concurrently strengthening key mental health components in existing education and health-care systems as successfully applied in Malawi and replicated in Tanzania. Improving the pathway to care for young people with depression requires the following: improving mental health literacy (MHL) of communities, youth, and teachers; enhancing case identification and linking schools to community health clinics; improving the capacity of community health-care providers to identify, diagnose, and effectively treat depression in youth. Funded by Grand Challenges Canada, we developed and applied a program called “An Integrated Approach to Addressing the Challenge of Depression Among the Youth in Malawi and Tanzania” (IACD). This was an example of, a horizontally integrated pathway to care model designed to be applied in low-resource settings. The model is designed to 1) improve awareness/knowledge of mental health and mental disorders (especially depression) in communities; 2) enhance mental health literacy among youth and teachers within schools; 3) enhance capacity for teachers to identify students with possible depression; 4) create linkages between schools and community health clinics for improved access to mental health care for youth identified with possible depression; and 5) enhance the capacity of community-based health-care providers to identify, diagnose, and effectively treat youth with depression. With the use of interactive, youth-informed weekly radio programs, mental health curriculum training for teachers and peer educators in secondary schools, and a clinical competency training program for community-based health workers, the innovation created a “hub and spoke” model for improving mental health care for young people. Positive results obtained in Malawi and replicated in Tanzania suggest that this approach may provide an effective and potentially sustainable framework for enhancing youth mental health care, thus providing a policy ready framework that can be considered for application in sub-Saharan Africa." (Abstract)
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"Children with disabilities often experience exclusion within their communities, and this exclusion can extend into research processes. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, however, emphasizes that children of all abilities need to be involved as decision makers in matters affec...ting them. This article provides an in-depth description of the process of a participatory action research project carried out with children with disabilities from a rural village in India. It argues for the utility of participatory filmmaking as a research methodology that supports inclusion of children with disabilities as co-researchers in research and action processes. The different phases of the research project, namely the preparatory, participatory research, and the action phase, are made transparent along with the details of activities carried out within each phase. The technical and pragmatic challenges faced within this participatory filmmaking process are pointed out, and strategies used to negotiate challenges and adapt this methodology to fit context-specific needs are shared. This account of the complex, yet flexible and adaptable, participatory filmmaking process is presented as means to support critical and informed uptakes of participatory filmmaking for inclusive research practices with children with disabilities." (Abstract)
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"It is estimated that between 6,000 and 7,000 languages are currently spoken worldwide, of which approximately half, if not more, will disappear by the end of this century ... Language plays a central role not only for the preservation of identity and culture, but also in matters of non-discriminati...on and access to a variety of rights ... As a small number of dominant languages gain an increasing hold, the pressure on communities speaking minority and indigenous languages will grow ... African states should revise their laws and policies, in line with current understanding of language rights, to ensure minority and indigenous language rights are respected ..." (Key findings)
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"The degree that the public trusts journalists varies widely across 144 countries and territories included in the 2018 Wellcome Global Monitor study. Worldwide, the percentage who express at least some trust in journalists ranges from a low of 12% in Greece to a high of 93% in Uzbekistan. Median glo...bal trust in journalists stands at 59% — the trust level in the United States. Median trust in journalists is notably similar in democratic and non-democratic countries — at roughly 60%. Yet, attitudes vary significantly within these categories of political systems. Among democratic countries — as designated by 2017 Polity IV democracy rankings — at least four in five respondents in Finland, Myanmar and Norway trust journalists "a lot" or "some," while fewer than one in four do so in Taiwan, Serbia and Greece. In non-democratic countries, roughly nine in 10 adults in Uzbekistan, Tanzania and Rwanda say they trust journalists, but about one in three say the same in Mauritania, Gabon and Yemen. Trust in journalists is also not associated with media freedom as measured by Reporters Without Borders. In fact, the relationship between trust in journalists and media freedom is weak and goes in the opposite direction that may be expected, where greater media freedom is associated with less trust." (www.gallup.com)
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"This article adopts the case study research approach through the use of document analysis and interviews to investigate the role of two community radio stations in selected areas of the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa with regard to rural development and the dissemination of information to w...omen listeners. It also suggests ways by which these radios may be used to enhance access to information by rural women in South Africa. The findings reveal that although community radio stations are recognised as support systems for information dissemination in rural communities, their role in information dissemination and the community development of women has not been fully explored. This article suggests ways in which the services of community radios may be enhanced by the provision of information to women for rural development." (Abstract)
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"In chapter 2, the book lays down its foundations with a review of a large body of experimental psychology research on how and why individuals can preserve their beliefs, sometimes in the face of all evidence, logic, and argument to the contrary. The second part of the chapter shows that millions of... people do the same in the real world outside the laboratories, whatever the media say ... Chapter 3 considers political partisanship and party identification - that is, strong attachments to political ideas, values, and organizations. Experiments show that people are likely to engage in belief preservation where partisan opinions are concerned, and the same seems to be true of partisans in the outside world ... Chapter 4 broadens the scope of inquiry to examine how non-partisanship and non-party political beliefs and values can influence the ways the majoritiy of individuals receive and process news reports and draw conclusions from them ... The first eight chapters deal mainly with the micro, demand side of the equation - but there is also the macro, supply side of news media systems. Supply and demand are often analyzed separately, although understanding media effects requires examining the interaction between them ... Chapter 9 compares commercial and public service broadcasting, showing that they have different effects on political knowledge, trust, participation, and democratic support. Chapter 10 turns to the classic theory of news media pluralism as a cornerstone of modern democracy ... The research strategy of this book involves comparing and contrasting a large number of studies of media effects on political attitudes and behavior in order to compare and contrast the conclusions they reach. The book does not merely traingulate in order to reach reliabe conclusions, but it polyangulates, using many different studies written by sociologists, political scientists, psychologists, and economists who employ a variety of methods to investigate many possible media effects on politics. American and British research is used in the main, but single-country research on Russia, the Netherlands, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Belgium is included, as are comparative studies of European Union member states." (Chapter 1, p.2-5)
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"Zunächst zeigt die aktuelle Ausgabe der JIM-Studie, dass auch im Jahr 2021 "klassische Medien" wie Radio oder Fernsehen bei Jugendlichen durchaus eine Rolle spielen. Bei offenen Abfrage nach ihren drei wichtigsten Nachrichtenquellen nennt ein Drittel der 12- bis 19-Jährigen das Fernsehen (32 %) u...nd jeweils jede/-r fünfte Jugendliche das Radio (22 %). Das Internet generell nennen 21 Prozent. Als wichtigste Einzelangebote im Netz werden dann Google News, Instagram und YouTube genannt. 58 Prozent der befragten Jugendlichen sind im Laufe eines Monats auf Hate Speech gestoßen. 42 Prozent auf Fake News. Nur jede/r Dritte hat bei der Nutzung von Whatsapp, Snapchat, TikTok und Instagram Bedenken wegen des Datenschutzes." (Website mpfs)
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"Die Befragung hat gezeigt, dass das Thema Gleichberechtigung durchaus etwas ist, mit dem sich fast alle Nutzerinnen und Nutzer grundsätzlich beschäftigen. Sie hat auch einen klaren Zusammenhang zwischen der Nutzung von Social Media und der persönlichen Einstellung der Userinnen und User hinsicht...lich der Gleichberechtigung aufgezeigt: Menschen, die Social Media intensiver nutzen, denken weniger gleichberechtigt als solche, die seltener bei Instagram oder YouTube aktiv sind. Wie die Analyse deutlich gemacht hat, hat eine hohe Anzahl der Userinnen und User noch immer sehr klassische Vorstellungen davon, wer für Kindererziehung und Haushalt zuständig ist oder ob Frauen und Männer bei gleicher Arbeit gleich viel verdienen sollen. Social Media scheint dabei ein Verstärker für traditionelle Ansichten hinsichtlich Geschlechterrollen zu sein – unter anderem ausgelöst durch die stereotypen Darstellungen professioneller Influencerinnen und Influencer. Auf diese Weise werden Rollenbilder in den sozialen Medien hochgehalten und immer wieder aufs Neue rekonstruiert und manifestiert. Dadurch tragen Influencerinnen und Influencer – möglicherweise unbewusst – dazu bei, dass Stereotype nicht aufgebrochen werden können und die Entwicklung der Gleichberechtigung ausgebremst wird." (S.10)
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"Das Medienrepertoire von Jugendlichen erweitert sich stetig. Aktuell haben etwa drei von vier Familien ein Abonnement für einen Video-Streaming-Dienst wie beispielsweise Netflix oder Amazon Prime Video abgeschlossen. Auch Musik-Streaming-Dienste sind in zwei von drei Familien vorhanden, etwas selt...ener sind digitale Sprachassistenten wie Alexa in 16 Prozent der Haushalte vertreten. Beim Musikhören steht die Nutzung über Musik-Streaming-Dienste wie z. B. Spotify an erster Stelle. Zwei Drittel der Jugendlichen hören mindestens mehrmals pro Woche über Streaming-Dienste Musik. Jeweils etwa jede/-r Zweite nutzt zum Musikhören YouTube oder das Liveprogramm bei Radiosendern. Jede/-r Zehnte nutzt hierzu Smartspeaker. Unabhängig von der Musiknutzung hören zwei von drei Jugendlichen regelmäßig Radio." (Website mpfs)
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"Around the world, women frequently experience harassment and violence when they decide to exercise their civil and political rights. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have created new vehicles for violence against women in elections (VAWIE), including violence that takes place on so...cial media and in private messaging. These forms of violence are compounded by the anonymity and scale that online media platforms provide. VAWIE-Online is a means to silence women who publicly engage in political life through fear, shame and intimidation. This violence is different from the online violence and harassment experienced by politically active men in its underlying intent, its multiplied impact, as well as its frequency, form, and content. The VAWIE-Online Social Media Analysis Tool (VAWIE-Online Tool) offers an adaptable method to measure the gendered aspects and understand the drivers of online election violence against women. The primary purpose of this tool is to identify trends and patterns of online violence around electoral periods. More specifically, the tool will allow users to identify the scope, breadth, and intensity of VAWIE-Online. Using artificial intelligence-based data analysis tools, the VAWIE-Online Tool quantifies and categorizes social media data to identify and distinguish forms of online violence. By incorporating this analysis of online violence into broader analysis of gender in elections, electoral stakeholders can better understand this issue in their respective countries and can begin to address it through their work. This guide is intended for use by civil society organizations (CSOs), election and human rights monitors and observers, and other activist and research groups seeking to analyze online violence against women in elections. It is constructed as a step-by-step tool to introduce users to social media analysis, specifically data mining and sentiment analysis. Although this tool is written to provide an introduction and overview for general users, data mining and sentiment analysis are sophisticated research approaches and users of this guide will find it helpful to work with a team that has experience in data analytics and a background in working on gender-based violence (GBV) and electoral politics." (p.2)
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