"This guidance is useful for ICRC teams in the field managing different evaluation types that cover various interventions. Importantly, it is not an evaluation manual. Nor is it the only source to draw on when planning and managing an evaluation. It should be used in conjunction with other ICRC poli...cies, standards and guidance on which the evaluation relies. In this document, we use the term “evaluation” as a catch-all term to refer to evaluations, impact evaluations, evaluative reviews and learning workshops. Evaluations are determined by a level of objectivity and/or independence and are conducted according to clear lines of inquiry and a methodological approach (see section 3). Specifically, when we refer to an evaluation, we understand it as follows: The systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed project, programme or policy, its design, implementation and results. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfilment of objectives, developmental efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is credible and useful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learnt into the decision-making process of both recipients and donors. Likewise, we use the term “intervention” to refer to the subject of the evaluation, including all the various types of work or efforts that may be evaluated (such as a project, programme, strategy, thematic area, or other activity or action). This document will also prove useful for those guiding design, strategic planning and results management at the start of the intervention. A good evaluation relies on effective monitoring, evaluation and learning systems within the intervention cycle. Gaining clarity on what success looks like at the design phase of an intervention helps to make the intervention assessable." (p.3)
more
"In chapter 2, the book lays down its foundations with a review of a large body of experimental psychology research on how and why individuals can preserve their beliefs, sometimes in the face of all evidence, logic, and argument to the contrary. The second part of the chapter shows that millions of... people do the same in the real world outside the laboratories, whatever the media say ... Chapter 3 considers political partisanship and party identification - that is, strong attachments to political ideas, values, and organizations. Experiments show that people are likely to engage in belief preservation where partisan opinions are concerned, and the same seems to be true of partisans in the outside world ... Chapter 4 broadens the scope of inquiry to examine how non-partisanship and non-party political beliefs and values can influence the ways the majoritiy of individuals receive and process news reports and draw conclusions from them ... The first eight chapters deal mainly with the micro, demand side of the equation - but there is also the macro, supply side of news media systems. Supply and demand are often analyzed separately, although understanding media effects requires examining the interaction between them ... Chapter 9 compares commercial and public service broadcasting, showing that they have different effects on political knowledge, trust, participation, and democratic support. Chapter 10 turns to the classic theory of news media pluralism as a cornerstone of modern democracy ... The research strategy of this book involves comparing and contrasting a large number of studies of media effects on political attitudes and behavior in order to compare and contrast the conclusions they reach. The book does not merely traingulate in order to reach reliabe conclusions, but it polyangulates, using many different studies written by sociologists, political scientists, psychologists, and economists who employ a variety of methods to investigate many possible media effects on politics. American and British research is used in the main, but single-country research on Russia, the Netherlands, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Belgium is included, as are comparative studies of European Union member states." (Chapter 1, p.2-5)
more
"Moving beyond the U.S.-Eurocentric paradigm of communication theory, this handbook broadens the intellectual horizons of the discipline by highlighting underrepresented, especially non-Western, theorists and theories, and identifies key issues and challenges for future scholarship. Showcasing diver...se perspectives, the handbook facilitates active engagement in different cultural traditions and theoretical orientations that are global in scope but local in effect. It begins by exploring past efforts to diversify the field, continuing on to examine theoretical concepts, models, and principles rooted in local cumulative wisdom. It does not limit itself to the mass-interpersonal communication divide, but rather seeks to frame theory as global and inclusive in scope. The book is intended for communication researchers and advanced students, with relevance to scholars with an interest in theory within information science, library science, social and cross-cultural psychology, multicultural education, social justice and social ethics, international relations, development studies, and political science." (Publisher)
more
"Experts say having a law for access to public information is important to enhance public transparency, but it’s only the starting point in the battle against state secrecy. How can journalists benefit from such laws and why should the news media care about it? This paper is divided into four part...s: the first chapter gives a brief summary of what FOI is and some practical examples of stories that have been published with it. The second chapter explores the data from a national survey about how journalists are using the law. The survey was conducted with the help of Maria Esperidião at the Brazilian Association of Investigative Journalism (Abraji), an association where I am also a director. The third chapter is a series of interviews with experienced Brazilian journalists from different fields to see their views on FOI and what journalists can do to improve its use. The questions that I asked them were based on the Abraji survey results. The final chapter is a small guide on how to start a FOI section in your newsroom – a combination of guidance obtained during the interviews and my own previous experiences." (Introduction, p.5)
more
"The analyzed studies and surveys reflect some common trends concerning changing news habits in Europe. First, although the newspapers are still the main original sources for stories and provide institutional basis for high-quality journalism, they are not the primary gateways through which users ac...cess the news. The main platform for media use remains the television, while the use of the internet and online social networks grows in the media habits of Europeans. The direct relationship between readers and publishers is weakening with the exception of Nordic countries, where users prefer to access news online directly. Second, comparative data on trust in the news media show the decline in general. Still, trust seems to be higher in traditional news media (radio on the first place and then TV), while lower in the online news media. A large number of users remain concerned about their ability to separate what is real and fake on the internet, and about the impact of disinformation on democracy generally. Third, a significant number of users are worn out about information overload while proportion of users avoiding the news steadily increases. It should be acknowledged at the same time, that there seem to be remarkable differences between countries as well as demographic categories (e.g. young and older, more and less educated) within these patterns." (Conclusion)
more
"Since the end of genocide in 1987 Zimbabwe has remained a zone of ‘conflicts’, and the enduring debates surrounding this genocide, especially in public-owned but state-Controlled media, call for critical attention. Three years after independence, in 1980, Zimbabwe was plunged into a genocide na...med ‘Gukurahundi’ (meaning the rain that washes the chaff away after harvest) that lasted until 1987. This article argues that there has been a clash of ‘interests’ playing out in the mediation of this yet-to-be-officially addressed genocide. Through evidence from public-owned media, the media that carry the official voice of the ruling party, I argue that public media have seen genocide from conflicting and complex angles, making it difficult to reach a consensus suitable for national building based on genocide truths, meanings and effects to Zimbabweans. I specifically use the Unity Accord-associated holiday, the Unity Day, and its associated debates to pursue two arguments. First, public media have played an ambiguous role in appreciating the conflictual and multipronged nature of the genocide within ZANU-PF. Second, public media have largely been supportive of, and even complicit in, official silences on genocide debates and memory. The article uses public sphere and narrative analysis as frameworks for understanding the operations of public media journalism in the mediation of genocide nearly 30 years after its occurrence." (Abstract)
more
"Vietnam has a highly engaged, optimistic and entrepreneurial population and a rapidly changing media environment. Television remains the most used medium and the top source for news and information ¡V especially from official TV. Vietnam severely restricts its news media but Vietnamese want their ...media to present the country and its people in a positive light. Vietnamese adults tend to say they trust blogs more than official news, though serious blogging is very risky. Young people are pushing digital media forward by what they own and what they do digitally. Mobile is the dominant platform. Google, Facebook and YouTube are very widely used. Across demographic segments, conflicts in the South China Sea are seen as Vietnam¡¦s most serious problem and Vietnamese overwhelming support of Western involvement in resolving this issue." (Conclusions, slide 36)
more
"In this book, we attempt to integrate three different research approaches: (1) the traditional social-psychological approach that emphasizes cultural differences and how these differences influence communication, (2) the interpretive approach that emphasizes understanding communication in context, ...and (3) the critical approach that underscores the importance of power and historical context to understanding intercultural communication, including postcolonial approaches. We believe that each of these approaches has important contributions to make to the understanding of intercultural communication and that they operate in interconnected and sometimes contradictory ways. In this eighth edition, we have further strengthened our dialectical approach, which encourages students to think critically about intercultural phenomena as seen from these various perspectives." (Preface, p.xx)
more
" ... the exercise of freedom of expression remains relatively practised and differs from one region to the next. It is easier to exercise freedom of expression in big cities than in small towns or rural areas. Since 2012, Mali has been plagued by terrorist groups’ attacks from the north. The dete...rioration of the security situation, which impacts all aspects of national life, causes a climate of self-censorship, especially among media professionals, most notably in the countryside. From Ségou (centre of Mali) to the far north, community radio stations are cautious with the terms they use. Journalists systematically refuse specific programmes for fear of being physically hurt or seeing their facilities attacked. Some journalists have been kidnapped, although most are released after secret negotiations involving state security. Threats and pressures on journalists and the media do not come only from state officials. People named in investigative articles sometimes use deceptive methods to intimidate journalists. People singled out by publications also put pressure on the family of journalists to get the investigation dropped or for journalists to self-censor. Furthermore, some laws restrict freedom of expression, such as Act of 5 December 2019 on the repression of cybercrime in its articles 74, 75 and 76 ..." (Summary, p.5)
more
"On the surface, Namibia’s stellar reputation as the beacon of media freedom remains intact, but the role of the Fourth Estate in speaking truth to power is gradually being eroded as state officials become increasingly intolerant of the media in Namibia. The perceptible decline in the media landsc...ape is evidenced by the intimidatory tactics the state has been using to discourage journalists from reporting on certain issues ... Namibia’s legal and policy framework offers strong protection for freedom of expression and media freedom through Article 21 of the constitution. This is further bolstered by Article 144 of the constitution on international law, which automatically incorporates regional and international protocols, agreements and treaties signed and ratified by the Namibian government into the domestic legal system. However, commitment to the notions contained in these regional and international protocols and conventions seems to be solely on paper ..." (Summary, p.5)
more
"There is a growing public and academic debate on the societal impacts of the internet and, in particular, social media. For its proponents, social media is a force for change, which can challenge entrenched hierarchies, redistribute power, democratize information, support mass mobilization and cont...ribute to the building of global movements. Increasingly such positivist arguments are being questioned. Critics argue that it has become a sinister force, facilitating the spread of ‘fake news’, providing an instrument for citizen surveillance and re-enforcing neoliberal hegemony. The community development literature has barely engaged in those debates around social media that appear urgent in other disciplines. Social media has been seen as a value-free tool for broadcasting and dissemination, and neither evaluated as a force for change nor examined as an instrument of neoliberal intents. Although there is a community development literature on neoliberalism and globalization, it often accepts these, rather than critiques them, as the contexts within which community development operates. Challenging established power imbalances and enhancing citizen participation in democratic processes are purposes central to community development values. Analysis of wider literature raises questions with regard to the values embedded in the technologies from which enhanced levels of participation and engagement are expected to flow. It also raises questions about who benefits most from the affordances of these technologies. This article, drawing on an extensive literature review, presents the case for community development values to be asserted in these debates." (Abstract)
more
"While the scholarship on communication theory has evolved over many years in Africa it is still work in progress. This discourse has been anchored in society's cultural milieu. The import of this is that the debate has evolved without incorporating the realities of Africa. Consequently, theories of... communication and of the mass media are an ill fit on the continent. As communication scholarship in Africa matures, it requires examining how the realities of the continent can contribute to the development of a theory that best matches this environment. Some of these realities include the evolution of African governance, its culture, and the progression of communication as a discipline. While this article does not make the leap to propose what such a theory would look like, it seeks to raise some of these realities as a starting point for further discussion." (Abstract)
more
"This article aims to fill a gap in the academic literature on how employees at a media development intermediary construct meaning of their work. Based on in-depth interviews with 18 employees of Internews, this research shows that employees believe the organization has “evolved” from the past t...o include the entire “information ecosystem” today. Themes that emerged include a focus on information as a solution, an emphasis on local communities, the desire to give voice to marginalized communities, and a practice of listening. Interviewees strictly adhered to official narratives of their work and to contemporary development orthodoxy, perhaps because of group think and participant bias. Despite these narratives, we have to consider the ulterior motives of media development as a neocolonial project. Although some of the results may seem obvious, there is merit in documenting these findings to demystify media development work today." (Abstract)
more
"This study identifies and addresses key challenges concerning M&E for climate change adaptation (CCA). It does so by documenting good practices and good practice principles on the development, selection, and use of indicators used in the M&E of adaptation interventions. The study also looks at the ...steps and contexts M&E personnel should consider when formulating, selecting, adjusting, and/or using indicators. In addition, the study identifies common themes in the literature and gaps in data—including the role of learning in an adaptation M&E system and the identification of linkages (or lack thereof) between indicators and policy formulation and decisions. The study first looks at M&E for CCA in a broader context to see what the key challenges are (chapter 2), and how M&E is being applied in the adaptation field (chapter 3). It reviews the types of adaptation indicators that are commonly used (chapter 4), and then moves into a narrower discussion of what practitioners need to consider when developing better, more useful indicators. It next documents good practice principles that help define indicators for adaptation interventions (chapter 5). Finally, it looks at how the evaluation-policy interface can support better adaptation policies, and if good practice principles can inform greater uptake of evaluation results as evidence in policy making (chapter 6)." (About the study, p.4)
more
"Dance, music, and oral narratives are an important and vibrant part of cultural practice and heritage in Timor-Leste. But while Timorese people have used such creative methods and processes during rituals, celebrations, and their fight for independence, today arts and artistic expression become an ...increasingly popular strategy in development cooperation. Especially different forms of so-called participatory theater with origins in development cooperation, arts, and social movements, present themselves as innovative, participatory, and well applicable in terms of capacity building and stimulating positive social transformation. Based on the author’s experience and observations, this article critically examines the alliance between various stakeholders in Timor-Leste engaging with the fact that the current scene of participatory theater can hardly be seen as an independent grassroots or even social movement, rather than an initiated top-down process by donors with specific agendas." (Abstract)
more
"Mali’s media remain significantly underdeveloped in terms of business management, audience research and long-term sustainability. Many media organizations remain dependent on donor funding and have done little to develop business models to attract other sources of revenue. There are more than 50 ...professional associations and networks that help with training and advocacy, yet they are affected by conflicts of interests that undermine their efforts. There is no school of journalism, and media-related trainings are short-term and often centered around the shifting priorities of donors. There is no union to protect the rights of journalists and to help them in circumstances of legal persecution or harassment. It is also clear that donor priorities and programs are not doing enough to ensure the continued development of a strong independent media system. Over the past 20 years, funding has shifted from programs designed to strengthen independent media to programs that see media as tools to disseminate development information." (Conclusion, p.33)
more
"On the occasion of the main conference commemorating the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists in 2019, which was held in Mexico City, the Spokesperson of the Mexican Presidency announced the Mexican government’s commitment to improve the protection of journalists, incl...uding by creating a Fund to support investigative journalism, which would be independently administered by UNESCO. This announcement came at a time where Mexican media were undergoing a crisis of sustainability generated by multiple factors, with many of them lacking the resources to provide reliable and quality information. However, this project had to be redesigned due to federal funds being redirected by the Mexican government to fight COVID-19. The project was therefore transformed in 2021 into a pilot programme to support investigative journalism in Mexico, which was made possible through the MDP. The pilot programme was also supported by seed-funding from the Mexican government along with additional funding from the National Institute for Transparency, Access to Information and Protection of Personal Data (INAI) and from the British Embassy in Mexico City." (p.2)
more
"This publication is an easy-to-read introduction to current concepts and practices of development communication. It consists of four parts. The first chapter distinguishes between three main conceptual approaches to development communication: the diffusion model, the life skills model and the parti...cipatory model. The second chapter briefly develops principles of participatory communication. The third describes the four phases of the communication programme cycle in the context of development cooperation, including the participatory communication assessment (PCA), the communication strategy design, the implementation and the monitoring and evaluation phases. The final part presents three cases to illustrate how civil society organisations approach participatory communication: the Peruvian community development NGO 'Minga Peru' applying holistic and bottom-up approaches grounded on rights-based community development; the Tanzanian NGO 'Femina' focusing on user-driven content and participative formative research; and the Indian 'National Center for Promotion and Employment for Disabled People' seeking dialogue with parliamentarians and networking with relevant stakeholders." (CAMECO Update 4-2009)
more
"In the last two decades, amid the global spread of smartphones, state killings of civilians have increasingly been captured on the cameras of both bystanders and police. Screen Shots studies this phenomenon from the vantage point of Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. Here, cameras have ...proliferated as political tools in the hands of a broad range of actors and institutions, including Palestinian activists, Israeli soldiers, Jewish settlers, and human rights workers. All trained their lens on Israeli state violence, propelled by a shared dream: that advances in digital photography-closer, sharper, faster-would advance their respective political agendas. Most would be let down. Drawing on ethnographic work, Rebecca L. Stein chronicles Palestinian video-activists seeking justice, Israeli soldiers laboring to perfect the military's image, and Zionist conspiracy theorists accusing Palestinians of "playing dead." Writing against techno-utopianism, Stein investigates what camera dreams and disillusionment across these political divides reveal about the Israeli and Palestinian colonial present, and the shifting terms of power and struggle in the smartphone age." (Publisher)
more
"Overall, Pakistan experienced a shrinking of its space for free expression over the past four years, with censorship and restrictions increasing over time in the form of new stringent rules and regulations, along with intensifying threats and various types of attacks on journalists. Pakistan, who w...as chosen as a pilot country for the implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, continues to present a challenging environment for the free exercise of journalism. A total of 58 killings of journalists were recorded in the country by UNESCO’s Observatory between 2011 and 2021. Some positive developments nevertheless took place, mainly in the form of a new law for the protection of journalists adopted in 2021. Still, the situation of women journalists is of particular concern, as many of them decry a lack of concrete measures to ensure their safety and a seemingly ineffective response by the federal investigation agency that deals with cybercrimes." (p.1)
more