"In this study, we have seen that, in contrast to causal models, narrative and overview models of Theories of Change are mainly used by donors and implementing organisations. However, causal models offer a lot more information that would help improve project planning, as well as monitoring and evalu
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ation. That potential is still untapped, although all of the organisations involved in this study have already started to formulate concrete steps that could be parts of causal models. Our recommendation is to work on causal models of Theories of Change as a standard tool in project planning, as it will give clear context-related insights into what can be expected from projects, and what is feasible in the specific environment. In our view, media support would be much more understandable and realistic. Through formulating result chains, many hidden assumptions come to light, and additional elements that need to be tackled before outcomes can be expected will become obvious. It would also be a pre-condition to provide impact evaluations that are lacking in the sector of media support for governance." (Conclusions)
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"Our findings show that there is a viable future for investigative journalism (IJ) at all levels, local to international, if systematic, predictable, stable funding for networks, centers, journalists, technologies and collaborations can be found. Funders acknowledge that most manifestations of IJ ar
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ound the world will be non-profit, with remarkable, honorable exceptions. That said, all interviewees agree that IJ needs support for an infusion of skills in organizational management and development as a springboard for its future progress, especially if donors want to encourage IJ groups to develop greater revenue diversification as a route to viability." (Executive summary, page 6)
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"Both funding and making media are now dangerous in new ways: Foundations, publishers, editors and journalists across the world are facing not just familiar forms of repression and censorship, but new threats from breaches to digital privacy and a notably uncivil online culture. Funders need to work
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more systematically to educate and protect themselves and their grantees. Power dynamics are skewed in favor of American funders: The data emphasizes U.S.-based funders, who appear to be setting the agenda for foundation support of media worldwide, raising questions about power dynamics between these funders and local foundations and grantees [...] Foundations can have an outsized influence on a country’s media system: This power can be productive or disruptive depending on the context. On the one hand, funders can support convenings, monitoring, regional partnerships and even media distribution from outside of countries where anti-democratic leaders repress the media. On the other, foundations can create perverse incentives through supporting initiatives that don’t match needs on the ground, or through short-term funding that leaves local organizations stranded." (Conclusions, page 5)
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"This booklet contains a series of stories and essays on the impact and rationale behind the various PubLeaks platforms that Free Press Unlimited has helped set up over the years." (Publisher description)
"Research into foundation-funded journalism is relatively scarce and disconnected. There is, for example, no single edited volume on this topic. This matters because while philanthropists and foundations often want to support journalism, it is not always clear how they should do this. Similarly, jou
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rnalists are often unsure about common practices in this area. For those interested in carrying out further research in this area, this matters because it is useful to know what methods have been used to study this topic in the past and how their findings compare to others." (Page 1)
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"The 'We Can Do It' (WCDI) radio program was established to educate, raise awareness and responsiveness to violence again women in Cambodia. Programs were broadcast in 5 provinces: Battambang, Kampong Cham, Siem Reap, Kampot and Kratie. The program ran for three years (2016-2019) under financial and
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technical support from ABCID and Australian Aid. This impact briefing reveals the progress made by the radio program towards ending violence against women. WCDI listeners consistently demonstrate better knowledge of legal processes and resources than an inclusive sample. Less promisingly, both listeners and non-listeners exhibit decreased confidence in the capacity and willingness of authorities to intervene." (https://www.abc.net.au/abc-international-development)
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"Talkback radio programs (TBP) were established to educate the Cambodian public on governance issues and provide a channel through which they could communicate with authorities directly. Programs were broadcast in 4 provinces: Battambang, Kampong Cham, Siem Reap, and Kampot. This impact briefing rev
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eals the progress made by the radio program towards building political accountability and political participation. TBP listeners displayed consistently better knowledge and understanding of governance than non-listeners. Radio staff also reported strong governance competencies. Crucially, TBP led directly to 122 promises being met or partially met by local authorities." (https://www.abc.net.au/abc-international-development)
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"The four principles identified as key to Internet Universality are summarised as the R-O-A-M principles, and are fundamental to the development of the Internet in ways that are conducive to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals with no one left behind. These principles are: R – that the int
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ernet is based on human Rights; O – that it is Open; A – that it should be Accessible to all, and M – that it is nurtured by Multistakeholder participation. To enable the concept of Internet Universality to be more concretely understood and applied, UNESCO has spent two years developing indicators for the four principles. These indicators enable the empirical assessment of Internet Universality in terms of its existence at the level of a national Internet environment. By using these new indicators for research, a collage of evidence can be assembled to help governments and other stakeholders to identify achievements and gaps. The indicator framework is tailored for national use in regard to improving the local Internet environment, and is not designed or suited to rank countries in comparison with one another." (Executive summary, page 12)
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"Private foundations are an important source of funding for many news outlets. It has even been suggested that they may offer a partial solution to journalism’s economic crisis. Yet we do not know how foundation funding shapes journalistic practice. In this article, we show that foundation funding
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has a significant effect on the “boundaries of journalism”. That is, the ways in which journalists understand, value and practice their journalism. This argument is based on 74 interviews with the most active foundations funding international non-profit news and the journalists they support. In general, we found that these foundations did not try to directly influence the content of the journalism they funded. However, their involvement did make a difference. It created requirements and incentives for journalists to do new, non-editorial tasks, as well as longer-form, off-agenda, “impactful” news coverage in specific thematic areas. As a result, foundations are ultimately changing the role and contribution of journalism in society. We argue that these changes are the result of various forms of “boundary work”, or performative struggles over the nature of journalism. This contrasts with most previous literature, which has focused on the effects of foundation funding on journalistic autonomy." (Abstract)
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"Not-for-profit news organisations are increasingly funded by private foundations, supported by wealthy entrepreneurs. This raises a range of ethical dilemmas for journalists, which are particularly serious when their donors are alleged to have been involved in unethical or illegal activities. Altho
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ugh this is a relatively common occurrence in the non-profit sector, so far there has been no critical discussion of these issues in relation to foundation-funded journalism. In this article, we interrogate a rich and detailed case study of the relations between a non-profit news organisation and a donor accused of being involved in a massive, international fraud scandal. We document how the news outlet justified their acceptance of this donor’s money; the defensive strategies they used to protect their reputation, organisational values and editorial freedom; and the conditions that ultimately led to journalists parting ways with the foundation. In so doing, we draw on ideas about philanthrocapitalism, stakeholders and resource dependence in order to develop model of how nonprofits respond to “tainted” donors." (Abstract)
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"This report features 13 case studies that together highlight the range and impact of UNDP’s engagement with the media for the purpose of achieving development outcomes. These examples vary widely in scope and aim: from an election media monitoring initiative in Georgia to an initiative promoting
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local empowerment through community radio in remote areas of Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR); from engagement with media for peacebuilding in Lebanon to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) awareness campaigns implemented in partnership with the private sector in Brazil. By showcasing successful examples of UNDP’s latest media initiatives, this report is meant to serve several purposes. First, it seeks to demonstrate that, across development contexts, UNDP has increasingly identified media engagement as a priority for its policy and programmes. Indeed, the case studies show that there is growing recognition that engaging the media has become indispensable for making progress on inclusive governance, peace and development outcomes and ultimately for achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Second, the report seeks to outline UNDP’s comparative advantage and unique role in this area of work as well as to spark new approaches on media engagement and build new partnerships with media actors, the private sector, civil society and governments. This report therefore builds on broader UNDP efforts at promoting the media’s role in development, including an expert roundtable hosted by the Oslo Governance Centre in November 2017 on the role of media in promoting peace in conflict-prone settings." (Introduction)
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"Media Development Investment Fund (MDIF) is a not-for-profit fund that provides affordable debt, equity, and quasi-equity financing as well as technical assistance to independent media companies in countries where the free press is under threat [...] As of December 31, 2018, MDIF has provided more
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than $172 million in financing and technical assistance grants to 115 independent media companies, primarily small and medium enterprises (SMEs), across 40 countries. As the only global investment fund for independent news media, MDIF presents several insights for others considering blended finance in the media sector – or in other sectors that face significant investment barriers: While blended finance is not a panacea for financing the SDGs, it can still support private sector development for less commonly targeted SDGs; Fit-for-purpose vehicles can be used to unlock specific pools of investment capital; It can be difficult for ‘first-time fund managers’ to raise commercial capital – even those with a relevant track record; The larger ticket sizes required to attract investors can be challenging to reconcile with impactful investment sizes; Blended finance offers a unique opportunity to align incentives for development impact and financial returns." (Executive summary)
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"This publication presents EED’s work in the area of independent media, and reflects on lessons learned in six years of media and democracy support. It offers an analysis of the worrying trends and challenges faced by media today and calls for an urgent re-set in thinking about donor support to me
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dia in the EU neighbourhood. The document also seeks to offer recommendations for the wider donor community. Key recommendations include the need for a longer-term and more coordinated approach to media support as an essential component of democratisation, recognising the high cost of quality media and the difficulties media have of surviving in increasingly distorted markets and restrictive environments [...] Over the past six years, EED has ensured a particular focus on media-based projects, funding more than 230 initiatives. This represents around one third of all initiatives supported by EED. In line with EED’s added-value philosophy, support is usually focused on areas that cannot currently get funding from other donors, such as seed funding, bridge funding and emergency support, in addition to core funding and funding provided in a discrete way. It is important to note that EED support cannot replace the need for further support from other donors [...] EED’s media work can broadly be divided into the following five thematic areas: Ensuring media pluralism; Supporting innovation; Countering disinformation; Investigative journalism and documentation; Media targeting specific audiences." (Pages 3-4)
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"This publication presents the basics of researching, planning, monitoring and evaluating Communication for Development (C4D) interventions, and offers guidance on how such interventions can be used to address violence against children (VAC). It covers the stages of the C4D programme cycle, emphasiz
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ing the role of research and strategic planning in achieving results." (Overview, page 6)
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"The number of manuscripts (peer-reviewed articles and grey literature) related to the use of C4D approaches to address VAC has steadily increased each year since 2000. Of the 302 manuscripts that were coded, 44 per cent discuss an intervention implemented in a developing country, which speaks to th
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e geographic robustness of this review. A greater proportion of manuscripts discuss interventions in urban contexts as compared to rural contexts. Roughly half of the interventions reviewed do not explicitly reference a conceptual model to underpin the interventions. Those that do, typically cite individual or cognitive conceptual models and a majority (over 80 per cent) focus on the individual level of change. About 11 per cent use community approaches and slightly less than 10 per cent report using an ecological approach. While cognitive and individual-based behaviour change approaches are valid and useful in certain contexts, there is a growing realization that individuals are embedded within a larger social system. Effective interventions must keep in mind the interactions between levels in order to effectuate sustainable change. The social ecological model provides a framework to address the interactions between levels. Interventions that cut across the levels of the social ecological model should work towards addressing social, emotional, and behavioural skills (for example, self-efficacy) of individuals and groups, as well as norms, instead of only addressing individual knowledge and attitudes. Manuscripts reviewed did not necessarily explicitly state the use of C4D approaches. However, upon closer examination, it became apparent that the majority of responses to VAC were inherently communicative. Programmes addressing VAC often use C4D approaches to reduce harmful practices using a ‘harm reduction’ framework. Often in these cases, programme objectives focus on the negative, whereas C4D messages for the same intervention focus on positive changes. Overall programme objectives should be linked to communication objectives, which in turn yield C4D messages." (Executive summary, page 9)
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"Many journalism stakeholders have begun looking to philanthropic foundations to help newsrooms find economic sustainability. The rapidly expanding role of foundations as a revenue source for news publishers raises an important question: How do foundations exercise their influence over the newsrooms
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they fund? Using the hierarchy of influence model, this study utilizes more than 40 interviews with journalists at digitally native nonprofit news organizations and employees from foundations that fund nonprofit journalism to better understand the impact of foundation funding on journalistic practice. Drawing on previous scholarship exploring extra-media influence on the news industry, we argue that the impact of foundations on journalism parallels that of advertisers throughout the 20th century—with one important distinction: Journalism practitioners and researchers have long forbidden the influence from advertisers on editorial decisions, seeing the blurring of the two as inherently unethical. Outside funding from foundations, on the other hand, is often premised on editorial influence, complicating efforts by journalists to maintain the firewall between news revenue and production." (Abstract)
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"Since 2009, 3,106 funders gave $1.7 billion in journalism-related grants [in the U.S.]. Of that, $306 million was directed toward the Newseum. Excluding grants to the Newseum, the top 9 journalism funders to U.S.-based organizations have given $550 million, via 1,776 grants since 2009. Of the $1.7
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billion, $326 million was for investigative journalism projects; $88 million was for constituency journalism projects; $42 million for citizen journalism projects; $185 million for advocacy journalism projects; $1.6 billion for projects in the journalism, news and information, general category." (Page 2)
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"Both radio and audio funding levels are growing, reflecting both overall funding trends in media and particular interest in using old and new sound-based formats in creative and compelling ways. Both formats are driving innovation across programming, with radio often serving as a curator of news an
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d information and community voices, and audio providing a democratized opportunity for truly diverse creators to share their stories. Both formats provide low barriers to entry, flexibility and ubiquity, offering funders tremendous opportunities to educate and inform, tell critical stories, engage communities and counteract consolidated and one-sided programming. Perhaps most importantly, funders do not need to reinvent the wheel, and can use the data map to find projects that align with their giving goals—whether by geographic area or populations served; content focus (science, arts, news); or goal (preservation and archiving, equalizing education for learning differences and disability)." (Conclusion)
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"The project seeks to restore confidence in the media in South East Europe and Turkey. The focus is on improving media accountability mechanisms, media internal governance, and media and information literacy among citizens to strengthen civil society support for the media and demand for quality medi
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a." (Page 3)
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"KAS Media Africa is playing its role by facilitating debates on how good journalism could be financed in the future. We talk about the role of political bloggers and the importance of dialogue between those who regulate the media and those who own it. We bring together the experts from all parts of
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the continent, be they English-, French- or Portuguese-speaking. This brochure invites you to get to know more about our work, be it on fake news, the development of curricula for Business Journalism at African Universities or the strategy meetings on the election campaigns of the future." (About us, page 3)
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