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Media Capture and Journalism as Emotional Labor: How Do Media Professionals Manage Bureaucratic Violence in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq?

Jiyan Faris, Pieter Maeseele, Yazan Badran, Kevin Smets

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 876-895

"This paper focuses on the (in)direct tools of governmental bureaucracy used to control journalistic work in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). It calls for understanding media capture not only through structural-level consequences, but also through the methods used to create an environment of inst ... more

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The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East

Joe F. Khalil, Gholam Khiabany, Tourya Guaaybess, Bilge Yesil (eds.)

New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell (2023), xvi, 550 pp.

"Rather than viewing the Middle East as a monolithic culture, this Handbook examines the diverse and multi-local characteristics of the region’s knowledge production, dynamic media, and rich cultures. It addresses a wide range of topics, including the evolving mainstream and alternative media, com ... more

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The Assassination of Sardasht Osman: Debunking the Official Story

Free Press Unlimited;Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ);Reporters Without Borders (2022), 42 pp.

"Sardasht Osman was a courageous and talented 23-year-old citizen journalist, who wrote about corruption and political mismanagement within the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in a period of political upheaval. On 13 December 2009, Sardasht wrote a satirical article accusing the family of Presiden ... more

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Media, Development and Democracy

Heloisa Pait, Juliana Laet (eds.)

Bingley: Emerald Publishing (2021), xviii, 141 pp.

"[...] this book explores the complex construction of democratic public dialogue in developing countries. Case studies examine national environments defined not only by state censorship and commercial pressure, but also language differences, international influence, social divisions, and distinct va ... more

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How Does the Political Enter the Newsroom? The Representation of the Kurdish ‘Other’ in Turkish Journalism

Ozan Asik

Journalism, volume 23, issue 11 (2021), pp. 2434-2451

"In this article, I examine how journalists working for the Turkish national mainstream televisual media represent Kurds – a significant national ‘Other’ of Turkish society – in the process of news production. My research is based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted between 20 ... more

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Media and Mapping Practices in the Middle East and North Africa: Producing Space

Alena Strohmaier, Angela Krewani (eds.)

Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press (2021), 323 pp.

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Media Consumption in Iraq

Mohamed Younis

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG);Gallup (2016), 52 slides

"Key takeaways: Internet use is increasing rapidly, but not replacing TV; Increases vary significantly by province; Internet trends will change as Iraqi government and ISIS vie for control of media." (Slide 32) "Kurds live in a different media environment and rely primarily on Kurdish language TV; D ... more

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Media Consumption in Iraq

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG);Gallup (2016), 2 pp.

"As in much of the Arab World, satellite TV is almost ubiquitous in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan, present in 97.9% of households (versus 31.5% with radio and 60.1% with the internet). Ethnic Kurds and those with a college degree are much more likely than other Iraqis to have internet access at home. Mor ... more

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Kurdish Diaspora Online: From Imagined Community to Managing Communities

Jowan Mahmod

New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2016), xiii, 243 pp.

"The argument offered in this book is that new technology, as opposed to traditional media such as television, radio, and newspaper, is working against the national grain to weaken its imagined community. Online activities and communications between people and across borders suggest that digital med ... more

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Kurdish Documentary Cinema in Turkey: The Politics and Aesthetics of Identity and Resistance

Can Candan, Suncem Kocer

Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2016), xii, 269 pp.

"Documentary film is proving to be a particularly complex tool for the Kurdish social and political existence, as Kurds lack the official tools of history-writing and cultural preservation that are categorically associated with the capacities of a state. By delving into Kurdish documentary films as ... more

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Social Media in Southeast Turkey: Love, Kinship and Politics

Elisabetta Costa

London: UCL Press;University College London (2016), xi, 194 pp.

"This book presents an ethnographic study of social media in Mardin, a medium-sized town located in the Kurdish region of Turkey. The town is inhabited mainly by Sunni Muslim Arabs and Kurds, and has been transformed in recent years by urbanisation, neoliberalism and political events. Elisabetta Cos ... more

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Ethnic Media, Conflict, and the Nation-State: Kurdish Broadcasting in Turkey and Europe and Mediated Nationhood

Kevin Smets

Media, Culture & Society, volume 38, issue 5 (2016), pp. 738-754

"Drawing on fieldwork among Kurdish broadcasters in Turkey and Europe, this article shows how ethnic media mediate nationhood in a conflict context. Despite rising interest in the media-nationhood nexus, and the expansion of studies on ethnic media, little is known about ethnic media in conflicts in ... more

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Media Use in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG);Gallup (2015), 2 pp.

"As in much of the Arab World, satellite TV is almost ubiquitous in Iraq, present in 97.3% of households (versus 35.1% with radio and 50.4% with the Internet). Ethnic Kurds and those with a college degree are much more likely t han other Iraqis to have Internet access at home; those living in Anbar ... more

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Media Use in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG);Gallup (2015), 40 slides

"Key Takeaways: Iraq is divided and in transition. You cannot have an actionable understanding of media habits without analyzing specific "target" audiences. All media platforms matter, depending on the audience." (Slide 33)

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Kurdish Region of Northern Iraq: Humanitarian Information Needs of Syrian Refugees

International Media Support (IMS) (2015), 18 pp.

"The assessment concludes that there is not ‘one magic answer’ to the question of which media channel is the most effective – rather a variety of channels must be used to reach as many people as possible. While TV scores high among both refugees and host population as a preferred media channel ... more

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Media Freedom is Part of the Solution to the Kurdish Issue: Turkey October 2015

Paris: Reporters Without Borders (2015), 21 pp.

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The Role of the Media in Developing Democracy: A Study of Rudaw Journalists’ Perspectives, Notions and Attitudes on Their Role in Developing Democracy in Iraqi Kurdistan

Afshin Ismaeli

University of Oslo, Master Thesis (2015), 113 pp.

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Mass Communication Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

UNHCR;REACH (2014), 5 pp.

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Media Freedoms and Covert Diplomacy: Turkey Challenges Europe Over Kurdish Broadcasts

Christian Sinclair, Kevin Smets

Global Media and Communication, volume 10, issue 3 (2014), pp. 319-331

"Focusing on Kurdish television broadcasts in Europe, this article sheds light on how minority broadcasting interrelates with national and intergovernmental political agendas and issues of national security. Drawing from a thorough analysis of policy and diplomatic documents, press articles, academi ... more

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Minderheiten machen Medien: Was gibt's Neues?

Pogrom, volume 44, issue 4-5 (2013), pp. 17-72