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Economics, Markets & Viability of Media

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Industrias creativas culturales en Panamá: Diagnóstico del sector y relevancia económica

Guillermo Lagarda, Alex Diamond Jennifer Linares (eds.)

Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID); INDESA (2017), 107 pp.

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Entertainment and Media Outlook 2017 – 2021: An African Perspective. An In-Depth Analysis of the Trends Shaping the Entertainment and Media Industry in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana and Tanzania
Quick Overview

Price Waterhouse Coopers (pwc), 8th. annual ed. (2017), 161 pp.

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Concentration of Media Ownership and Freedom of Expression: Global Standards and Implications for the Americas

Toby Mendel, Angel García Castillejo, Gustavo Gómez

Paris: UNESCO (2017), 33 pp.

"The idea of rules limiting concentration of media ownership is often cast by media owners as a restriction on their right to freedom of expression. Unfortunately, the behaviour of States in Latin America has often lent support to this perspective, especially when States abuse for political ends the ... more

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Perspectives from the Global Entertainment and Media Outlook 2017–2021: Curtain Up! User Experience Takes Center Stage

Price Waterhouse Coopers (pwc) (2017), 40 pp.

"To thrive in a marketplace that is increasingly competitive, slower-growing, and dependent on personal recommendations, companies must develop strategies that engage, grow, and monetize their most valuable customers — i.e., their fans. To do so, they must combine excellent content with breadth an ... more

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Media Feast, News Famine: Ten Global Advertising Trends That Threaten Independent Journalism

Michelle Foster

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 25 pp.

"This report looks at ten factors that have altered the media marketplace and that pose challenges to national and local news producers and their sources of revenue. They include ways in which governments interfere in media markets; changes in the structure of news distribution and audience behavior ... more

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World News Publishers Outlook 2017

Frankfurt am Main: WAN-IFRA (2017), 85 pp.

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World Press Trends 2017: The Definitive Guide to the Global News Media Industry in Numbers, Trends and Changes

Frankfurt: WAN-IFRA (2017), 87 pp.

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The State of Video

New York: GroupM (2017), 46 pp.

"Video, particularly linear television, remains the dominant form of entertainment and, as many “web-endemic” businesses will confirm, the dominant vehicle for brand building among all advertising channels. All over the world, however, the supply of high-rating, passively consumed, linear-delive ... more

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Media Ownership Monitor Morocco

Reporters Without Borders; Le Desk (2017), 618 pp.

"Nine of the 36 media companies involved in Morocco’s most influential media are directly linked to the state, the government or the royal family. Four of them – SOREAD, SNRT, EcoMedias and Horizon Press – are among the most important media companies in terms of turnover and show the potential ... more

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The Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in the Republic of Ecuador

Pablo Cardoso

Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2017), 98 pp.

"The survey establishes that from 2010 to 2014, copyright industries in Ecuador experienced rapid growth and increased their share of GDP from 3.65 per cent to 4.47 per cent, or 3,116 million US dollars in monetary terms. In 2014, the creative sector generated 3.47 per cent of national employment (2 ... more

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Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs
Inspiring Practice

Janine Warner, Mijal Lastrebner, Dulce Ramos, Jordy Meléndez, Ernesto Aroche, Mauricio Jaramillo, Sérgio Lüdtke, María Eugenia Álvarez et al.

SembraMedia; Omidyar Network (2017), 68 pp.

"The main finding of this study is that digital media entrepreneurs are deeply transforming the way that journalism is conducted and consumed in Latin America. They are not just producing news — they are generators of change, promoting better laws, defending human rights, exposing corruption, and ... fighting abuses of power. They are driven to produce independent news in countries that are highly politically polarized — and some of them are paying a high price for it [...] Nearly half the journalists interviewed for this study reported threats and physical attacks in response to their coverage. More than 20% of the founders and directors we interviewed admitted that they avoided covering certain topics, people, and institutions because of threats and intimidation. Others face punitive lawsuits, cyber-attacks, never-ending audits, and the loss of advertising revenues in retaliation for their coverage. Digital natives in Latin America have an even more important role to play than their counterparts in the over-saturated media markets of the developed world. News ownership is highly concentrated in these countries, and government advertising is frequently used to reward compliant media outlets. Even in the face of these legal, financial, and physical threats, entrepreneurial journalists are building sustainable businesses around quality journalism. The advent of social media and easy-to-use web design tools has made it possible to launch a digital media venture almost entirely on sweat equity. More than 70% of the ventures in this study started with less than $10,000, and more than 10% of those now bring in at least a half million dollars a year in revenues. After analyzing data on traffic, finances, revenue sources, staffing, and years in business, we identified four distinct tiers of business development. Diversified revenue was key to success, especially in the mid tiers, and we found more than 15 distinct revenue sources, including events, training, membership, crowdfunding, and native advertising. More than 65% reported they were earning revenue in at least three ways. In the top tier, where audiences reach more than 20 million visits per month, advertising is the top revenue source, but not the only one. In the mid ranges, there is no dominant business model and diversified revenue sources that combine advertising with audience-driven sources, such as events and crowdfunding, are crucial for sustainability. When we analyzed the lower tiers, we found lots of opportunities for improvement. Despite their dedication to quality journalism, more than 30% brought in less than $10,000 in total revenues in 2016. Broadly speaking, we found two paths to growing these businesses: building audience to drive traffic and advertising, or leveraging the loyalty of the audience to inspire micro-donations and the 15 other ways they are making money." (Executive summary, pages 6-8) more

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Media Ownership Monitor Ghana

Reporters Without Borders; Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) (2017), 567 pp.

"The Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) reveals a high level of audience concentration in various media sectors. An almost maximum concentration was found among the printed press, where the top four media companies (Graphic Communications Group Limited, New Times Corporation, Western Publications Limited ... more

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Global Media Giants
Top Insights

Benjamin J. Birkinbine, Rodrigo Gómez, Janet Wasko (eds.)

New York; London: Routledge (2017), xiii, 496 pp.

"Global Media Giants takes an in-depth look at how media corporate power works globally, regionally, and nationally, investigating the ways in which the largest and most powerful media corporations in the world wield power. Case studies examine not only some of the largest media corporations (News C ... more

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Philanthropic Journalism Funding in Germany

Thomas Schnedler, Günter Bartsch

Maastricht: European Journalism Centre; Journalism Funders Forum (2017), 34 pp.

"As this study shows, many of the more than 21,000 German foundations contribute a wealth of ideas, and substantial funding, to a wide variety of journalistic projects and grants. But only around 120 foundations profess express support of journalism in their statutes. Unfortunately, the total moneta ... ry value of their activities remains in the dark. A project of the not-for-profit ZEIT-Stiftung makes the case in point what a focused engagement can look like. The area of interest is in Eastern Europe, where preconditions for independent reporting are entirely different from Germany, and where information is hard to get hold of, or cannot be accessed at all. Between 2000 and 2016, ZEIT-Stiftung has been awarding its prestigious “Gerd Bucerius Prize for a Free Press in Eastern Europe” for a total of 17 times (from 2004 in cooperation with Norwegian Fritt Ord Foundation). In a trusting international cooperation, the two foundations have awarded 97 laureates – 40 journalists and 57 media outlets – with €1.7m overall. The aim: to strengthen independent journalism in Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, both foundations have launched the follow up project “Free Media Awards. Supporting Independent Journalism in Eastern Europe“. It is well worthwhile further to encourage foundations to engage with projects that contribute to better journalism and plurality of opinion. Support for, and the defence of, press freedom; the free flow of information; and improving journalistic standards remain on top of the agenda. Notably, this is precisely not about steering opinion-forming processes, peddling of influence, or surreptitious lobbying. Moreover, foundations are not positioned to mitigate the adverse effects that come with the erosion of traditional business and distribution models. Nor can they develop alternative sources of media revenue. But as actors of civic society, foundations can uphold the importance of journalism. They can insist on the diversity, quality, and relevance of journalism – values that are constitutive for an open society. They can do so, for instance, through endowed journalism professorships, or by way of training and exchange programmes for mid-career journalists." (Foreword, pages 5-6) more

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"My Boss is 18,000 People": Journalism Practices in Crowdfunded Media Organizations

Adilya Zaripova

MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, volume 33, issue 62 (2017), pp. 110-118

"This article analyses three crowdfunded media organizations in three different countries – Krautreporter (Germany), Direkt36 (Hungary), and Colta (Russia). Using qualitative in-depth interviews, it demonstrates that journalism practices in a crowdfunded newsroom are very different from those in o ... more

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Media Ownership Monitor Serbia

Reporters Without Borders (2017), 549 pp.

"The state has been for year the biggest advertiser in the country. Public money has been spent through its Ministries, institutions, republic agencies, bodies, local self-governments etc on different advertising and sponsorship contracts. The total value of state advertising still remains unknown d ... more

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Measuring the Business Side: Indicators to Assess Media Viability

Laura Schneider, Ann Hollifield, Jan Lublinski

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2016), 10 pp.

"In times of digital transformation media all over the world have to come up with new ways to ensure their survival. Meanwhile, media development actors are searching for new concepts and orientation in their support of media organizations and media markets. This paper presents DW Akademie’s sugge ... more

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Nollywood Central

Jade L. Miller

London: Palgrave Macmillan; British Film Institute (bfi) (2016), 175 pp.

"Nollywood is often portrayed by the popular press as an unruly industry, with mysteriously fast and cheap production and shadowy distribution networks. In the first overview of Nigeria's burgeoning video film industry, Jade L. Miller reveals that this portrayal is over-simplistic and often untrue. ... more

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Captured News Media: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro

Milka Tadic Mijovic, Marija Sajkas

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2016), 16 pp.

"Political and business elites in the countries that are the subject of this report have acquired control over a large number of public and private media, mostly through non-transparent privatization, advertising and/or budgetary support to loyal media. Consequently, media freedoms and freedom of ex ... more

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Money Under Fire: The Ethics of Revenue Generation for Oppositional News Outlets

Clare Cook

Ethical Space: the International Journal of Communication Ethics, volume 13, issue 2-3 (2016), pp. 66-80

"This paper critically assesses the ethical challenges not-for-profit oppositional news outlets face when generating revenues. Both media in exile (out-of-country news outlets feeding independent information into the country of origin) and those in restrictive environments (in-country providing coun ... more

Entertainment and Media Outlook 2017 – 2021: An African Perspective. An In-Depth Analysis of the Trends Shaping the Entertainment and Media Industry in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana and Tanzania Quick Overview

Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs Inspiring Practice

Global Media Giants Top Insights

Entertainment and Media Outlook 2017 – 2021: An African Perspective. An In-Depth Analysis of the Trends Shaping the Entertainment and Media Industry in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana and Tanzania
Quick Overview

Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs
Inspiring Practice

Global Media Giants
Top Insights