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Economics, Markets & Viability of Media

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Managing for Sustainable Journalism Under Authoritarianism: Innovative Business Models Aimed at Good Practice

Naomi Sakr

In: What is Sustainable Journalism? Integrating the Environmental, Social, and Economic Challenges of Journalism

Peter Berglez, Ulrika Olausson, Mart Ots (eds.)

New York et al.: Peter Lang (2018), pp. 295-313

"Entrepreneurship and innovation are currently high on the media industry agenda, but focus has so far been mostly on the economic sustainability of new ventures. Considering the repressive political climate in Egypt, Naomi Sakr explores the tension between economic growth and the ethical, democrati ... more

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The Plight of the Private Press During the Zimbabwe Crisis (2010–18)

Pedzisai Ruhanya

Journal of African Media Studies, volume 10, issue 2 (2018), pp. 201-214

"This study critically examines how the private press in Zimbabwe survived during periods of economic and political crises. In year 2010, the Zimbabwe media fraternity saw the re-opening of Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe (ANZ) after closure in 2003 and the emergence of the NewsDay, published by t ... more

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Media Ownership Monitor Lebanon

Reporters Without Borders; Samir Kassir Foundation (2018), 1323 pp.

"The seemingly buzzing Lebanese media market is, in fact, controlled by only a few highly politicized owners that are either directly affiliated with political parties or belong to Lebanese dynasties. Additional threats to media pluralism arise from clear editorial lines defined by politics, close t ... more

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Paying the Piper: The Sustainability of the News Industry and Journalism in South Africa in a Time of Digital Transformation and Political Uncertainty

Rhodes University, School of Journalism and Media Studies (2018), 108 pp.

"This report explores the recent trajectory of South African news with a specific focus on the economic sustainability of news media. Digital news consumption on mobile phone, and especially via Social Media on Smart Phones (SMSP) is fracturing audiences and reducing traditional sources of revenue. ... more

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Crowdfunding of Journalism as a Way to Enhance Transparency: The Case of the Platform Rapport

Helena Hirvinen

Nordicom-Information, volume 40, issue 1 (2018), pp. 91-94

"Over the course of the past few years, crowdfunding platforms have made significant gains in art and technology, and more recently in the field of journalism. This article provides an overview of Rapport, a Finnish crowdfunding platform designed to allow a new approach for journalists to fund their ... more

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Power Structure in Chilean News Media

Jorge Bahamonde, Johan Bollen, Erick Elejalde, Leo Ferres, Barbara Poblete

Plos One, volume 13, issue 6 (2018), 18 pp.

"To study the effects of consolidation and ownership on news diversity, we model the diversity of Chilean coverage on the basis of ownership records and social media data. We create similarity networks of news outlets on the basis of their ownership and the topics they cover. We then examine the rel ... more

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Media Ownership Monitor Sri Lanka

Reporters Without Borders; Verité Research (2018), 825 pp.

"Viewership, listenership and readership in the Sri Lankan media market is highly concentrated among a few media owners, many of whom have political affiliations. Limited access to ownership information and a number of regulatory shortcomings pose a further threat to media pluralism in the country." ... more

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Handbook of Media Management and Economics

Alan B. Albarran, Bozena Izabela Mierzejewska, Jaemin Jung (eds.)

New York; London: Routledge, 2nd ed. (2018), xix, 476 pp.

"Winner of the 2019 Robert Picard Book Award, the Handbook of Media Management and Economics has become a required reference for students, professors, policy makers and industry practitioners. The volume was developed around two primary objectives: assessing the state of knowledge for the key topics ... more

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Perspectives from the Global Entertainment and Media Outlook 2018–2022. Trending Now: Convergence, Connections and Trust

Price Waterhouse Coopers (pwc) (2018), 33 pp.

"In Convergence 3.0, the dynamics of competition are evolving while a cohort of ever-expanding supercompetitors and more focussed players strive to build relevance at the right scale. And business models are being reinvented so all players can tap into new revenue streams, by, for example, targeting ... more

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Legal Assessment: Contextualization for the Media Ownership Monitor, Lebanon 2018

Youmna Yazbek

Reporters Without Borders (2018), 10 pp.

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The Business Environment for News Media in Myanmar: 2018

Michelle Foster

Newsgain; Internews (2018), 27 pp.

"Until the state and its aligned media operate in a fair and competitive media market, there will be little space for independent news media to survive, much less make the investments needed to innovate and survive in this raucous, frontier environment. Myanmar has a much smaller overall advertising ... more

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Measuring News Media Sustainability: Towards a Global Barometer

François Nel, Coral Milburn-Curtis et al.

Evesham, UK: Innovation Research Group; Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) (2018), 23 pp.

"This document reports on the construction and operationalisation of a proposed annual Media Sustainability Barometer (MSB). The MSB is a quantitative index offered as a tool to both measure and monitor the media ecosystem, in terms of its sustainability across key contributing forces - and much mor ... more

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Mapping the World's Digital Media Ecosystem: The Quest for Sustainability

James Breiner

In: What is Sustainable Journalism? Integrating the Environmental, Social, and Economic Challenges of Journalism

Peter Berglez, Ulrika Olausson, Mart Ots (eds.)

New York et al.: Peter Lang (2018), pp. 257-276

"Over the past years, a range of different databases have been constructed, and research efforts have been made to find the key to making digital news ventures successful. Many of them have searched for best practices, or a secret recipe for a business model that would make the news business economi ... more

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Media Feast, News Famine: Ten Global Advertising Trends That Threaten Independent Journalism

Michelle Foster

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 25 pp.

"This report looks at ten factors that have altered the media marketplace and that pose challenges to national and local news producers and their sources of revenue. They include ways in which governments interfere in media markets; changes in the structure of news distribution and audience behavior ... more

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Global Media Giants
Top Insights

Benjamin J. Birkinbine, Rodrigo Gómez, Janet Wasko (eds.)

New York; London: Routledge (2017), xiii, 496 pp.

"Global Media Giants takes an in-depth look at how media corporate power works globally, regionally, and nationally, investigating the ways in which the largest and most powerful media corporations in the world wield power. Case studies examine not only some of the largest media corporations (News C ... more

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Strengthening the Creative Industries for Development in the Republic of Korea: Empowering Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Jobs and Sustainable Development

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2017), 58 pp.

"The Republic of Korea has been successful in investing in its people and its talents. It is now investing in the potential for the youth to be great entrepreneurs. We hope that this report will be useful to developing countries and encourage them to look into new growth opportunities and sustainabl ... more

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Media Ownership Monitor Brazil

Reporters Without Borders; Intervozes (2017), 925 pp.

"Power in Brazil means family business, both traditionally and to this very day. Dynasties of landowners known as “Colonels” extend their territorial claims to the airwaves, combining economic and political interests with tight control of public opinion. Neither digital technology and the rise o ... more

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The death of B92: How it survived Milosevic’s authoritarianism but didn’t survive democracy

Dragan Stavljanin, Rade Veljanovski

International Journal of Digital Television, volume 8, issue 2 (2017), pp. 261-276

"This article examines how broadcaster B92, once the top-billed independent media in Serbia that resisted Milosevic’s authoritarianism, could not survive democracy. Although it withstood the crackdown and censorship of the war regime, it was eventually sunk by what could be considered ‘market ce ... more

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Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs
Inspiring Practice

Janine Warner, Mijal Lastrebner, Dulce Ramos, Jordy Meléndez, Ernesto Aroche, Mauricio Jaramillo, Sérgio Lüdtke, María Eugenia Álvarez et al.

SembraMedia; Omidyar Network (2017), 68 pp.

"The main finding of this study is that digital media entrepreneurs are deeply transforming the way that journalism is conducted and consumed in Latin America. They are not just producing news — they are generators of change, promoting better laws, defending human rights, exposing corruption, and ... fighting abuses of power. They are driven to produce independent news in countries that are highly politically polarized — and some of them are paying a high price for it [...] Nearly half the journalists interviewed for this study reported threats and physical attacks in response to their coverage. More than 20% of the founders and directors we interviewed admitted that they avoided covering certain topics, people, and institutions because of threats and intimidation. Others face punitive lawsuits, cyber-attacks, never-ending audits, and the loss of advertising revenues in retaliation for their coverage. Digital natives in Latin America have an even more important role to play than their counterparts in the over-saturated media markets of the developed world. News ownership is highly concentrated in these countries, and government advertising is frequently used to reward compliant media outlets. Even in the face of these legal, financial, and physical threats, entrepreneurial journalists are building sustainable businesses around quality journalism. The advent of social media and easy-to-use web design tools has made it possible to launch a digital media venture almost entirely on sweat equity. More than 70% of the ventures in this study started with less than $10,000, and more than 10% of those now bring in at least a half million dollars a year in revenues. After analyzing data on traffic, finances, revenue sources, staffing, and years in business, we identified four distinct tiers of business development. Diversified revenue was key to success, especially in the mid tiers, and we found more than 15 distinct revenue sources, including events, training, membership, crowdfunding, and native advertising. More than 65% reported they were earning revenue in at least three ways. In the top tier, where audiences reach more than 20 million visits per month, advertising is the top revenue source, but not the only one. In the mid ranges, there is no dominant business model and diversified revenue sources that combine advertising with audience-driven sources, such as events and crowdfunding, are crucial for sustainability. When we analyzed the lower tiers, we found lots of opportunities for improvement. Despite their dedication to quality journalism, more than 30% brought in less than $10,000 in total revenues in 2016. Broadly speaking, we found two paths to growing these businesses: building audience to drive traffic and advertising, or leveraging the loyalty of the audience to inspire micro-donations and the 15 other ways they are making money." (Executive summary, pages 6-8) more

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World News Publishers Outlook 2017

Frankfurt am Main: WAN-IFRA (2017), 85 pp.

Global Media Giants Top Insights

Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs Inspiring Practice

Global Media Giants
Top Insights

Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs
Inspiring Practice