Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists.

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A Badge of Honor? How the New York Times Discredits President Trump’s Fake News Accusations

Juliane A. Lischka

Journalism Studies, volume 20, issue 2 (2019), pp. 287-304

"News organizations in many Western democracies face decreasing trust amid fake news accusations. In this situation, news organizations risk losing their license to operate and need to defend their legitimacy. This study analyzes how The New York Times (NYT) discredits fake news accusations, which a ... more

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Journalists' Safety and Multifaceted Censorship in Colombia: An Exploratory Study

Yennué Zárate Valderrama, Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim

International Affairs and Global Strategy, volume 78 (2019), pp. 33-46

"Safety of journalists has been studied as part of freedom of expression. However, there is scarce qualitative research on Colombian regional journalists’ safety. This chapter seeks to address issues surrounding journalists’ safety and censorship in Colombia shedding light on triple menace: the ... more

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The Online Public Sphere in the Gulf: Contestation, Creativity, and Change

Sahar Khamis

Review of Middle East Studies, volume 53, issue 2 (2019), pp. 190-199

"This introductory essay sets the stage for this special issue, which explores how online media has changed the Arabian Gulf region's politics, economies, and social norms. It provides an overview of the most important themes, arguments, and findings tackled in the four essays in this issue, as well ... more

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The staging trap: Right-wing politics as a challenge for journalism

Kai Hafez

Journalism, volume 20, issue 1 (2019), pp. 24-26

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Freedom and the Media: A Downward Spiral

Sarah Repucci et al.

Freedom House (2019), 30 pp.

"According to Freedom House’s Freedom in the World data, media freedom has been deteriorating around the world over the past decade, with new forms of repression taking hold in open societies and authoritarian states alike. The trend is most acute in Europe, previously a bastion of well-establishe ... more

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Female journalists under attack? Explaining gender differences in reactions to audiences' attacks

Lea Stahel, Constantin Schoen

New Media & Society, volume 22, issue 10 (2019), pp. 1849-1867

"The literature on public figures attacked by their audiences is unclear why female and male figures react differently to attacks. This study examines why female journalists are more likely than male journalists to use avoidance strategies as a reaction to online attacks. Avoidance includes limiting ... more

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Getting from the global to the local: Norms and systems for protecting journalists in the times of the Sustainable Development Goals

Guy Berger

Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), 10 pp.

"In the wake of progress in underlining international norms for protection of journalists, UNESCO in 2017 initiated a global consultation on how to strengthen implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity. The results of this consultation are relevant ... more

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The Fixers: Local News Workers and the Underground Labor of International Reporting

Lindsay Palmer

New York: Oxford University Press (2019), viii, 226 pp.

"Though news fixers are vital to the practice of international reporting-helping journalists to understand foreign languages, set up compelling interviews, and navigate unfamiliar terrain-their role is rarely made transparent to news audiences. Without news fixers, journalists would struggle to cove ... more

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Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2019), xxx, 408 pp.

"The Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety is an essential reference source that evaluates how diverse threats impact on journalists wellbeing, their right to freedom of expression, and overall media freedoms in various contexts and assesses inadequacies in ... more

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Turkey: How to deal with threats to journalism?

Bora Ataman, Baris Çoban

In: Transnational Othering – Global Diversities: Media, Extremism and Free Expression

Elisabeth Eide, Kristin Skare Orgeret, Nil Mutluer (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2019), pp. 171-190

"Journalism has always been an unsafe practice in modern Turkey. However, ties between the political system and democracy have been severed by the recent witch-hunt following the most recent failed coup, in 2016, and the subsequent societal collapse triggered by the administration of the state of em ... more

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Violence against Journalists

Julieta Alejandra Brambila, Sallie Hughes

In: The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies

Tim P. Vos, Folker Hanusch, Dimitra Dimitrakopoulou, Margaretha Geertsema-Sligh, Annika Sehl (eds.)

Hoboken, NJ: Wiley (2019), ?? pp.

"This entry introduces the concept of violence against journalists and the press. It synthesizes multiple approaches to the phenomenon to create a comprehensive definition, reviews dimensions of violence and the occupational and individual domains in which they create harm, identifies key findings a ... more

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“They don't trust us; the don't care if we're attacked”: Trust and risk perception in Mexican journalism

Rubén Arnoldo González Macías, Víctor Hugo Reyna García

Communication & Society, volume 32, issue 1 (2019), pp. 147-158

"Drawing from 93 semi-structured, in-person interviews with journalists from 23 states, this article analyzes the relation between trust and risk perception in Mexican journalism. It focuses on how Mexican journalists perceive and experience public trust placed in them as social actors, and how it i ... more

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Fostering Trauma Literacy: From the Classroom to the Newsroom

Natalee Seely

Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, volume 75, issue 1 (2019), pp. 116-130

"Covering traumatic story assignments is often central to a journalist’s job. Violent crimes, natural disasters, and tragic personal struggles—these are newsworthy events. Studies have associated trauma coverage with higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, and other traumatic str ... more

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Journalists and mental health: The psychological toll of covering everyday trauma

Natalee Seely

Newspaper Research Journal, volume 40, issue 2 (2019), pp. 239-259

"Journalists are often first responders and eyewitnesses to violent news events. Trauma reporting can take its toll, resulting in mental health effects. Addressing the solution requires understanding the problem. This multimethod study used a national survey of journalists (N = 254) that shows that ... more

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Where are we now? (Almost) a decade with the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity

Ingrid Fadnes, Roy Krøvel, Kristin Orgeret

Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), 6 pp.

"This article takes UNESCO’s Academic Research Agenda on Safety of Journalists as its point of departure. We present an overview of contributions to a selection of research conferences and academic publications focusing on safety of journalists and categorize them according to the research agenda. ... more

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Elections and Media in Digital Times

Tarlach McGonagle, Maciek Bednarski, Mariana Francese Coutinho, Arthur Zimin

Paris: UNESCO (2019), 67 pp.

"The central focus of this study is the dynamic and complex relationship between elections and (digital) media. This choice of focus is explained by the need to safeguard the integrity and credibility of electoral processes, as well as the role of the news media during election periods, in the face ... more

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Module 7. Combatting online abuse: When journalists and their sources are targeted

Julie Posetti

In: Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training

Cherilyn Ireton, Julie Posetti (eds.)

Paris: UNESCO (2018), pp. 115-127

"The problem of disinformation and misinformation undermining credible journalism and reliable information has escalated dramatically in the social media era. Consequences include the deliberate targeting of journalists and other online publishers, along with their sources, who are seeking to verify ... more

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Challenges facing Arab journalism, freedom, safety and economic security

Zahera Harb

Journalism, volume 20, issue 1 (2018), pp. 110-113

"The Arab world was taken by surprise when mass protests erupted in Tunisia in December 2010, followed by mass protests in Egypt in January 2011. Much optimism was expressed towards a new era for journalism freedom in the Arab world, in Egypt specifically with the fall of Hosni Mubarak and the long ... more

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Social Media in Turkey as a Space for Political Battles: AK Trolls and Other Politically Motivated Trolling

Erkan Saka

Middle East Critique, volume 27, issue 2 (2018), pp. 161-177

"This article focuses on AKTrolls, defined as pro-government political trolls in Turkey, while attempting to draw implications about political trolling in the country in general. It examines their methods and effects, and it interrogates whether (and how) Turkish authorities have attempted to shape ... more

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Journalists covering the refugee and migration crisis are affected by moral injury not PTSD

Anthony Feinstein, Bennis Pavisian, Hannah Storm

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Open, volume 9, issue 3 (2018), pp. 1-7

"Objective: To explore the emotional health of journalists covering the migrations of refugees across Europe. Design: Descriptive. A secure website was established and participants were given their unique identifying number and password to access the site. Setting: Newsrooms and in the field. Partic ... more