"En esta investigación se analizan las potencialidades del acceso al ejercicio del derecho a la comunicación a través de radios comunitarias en América Latina por parte de mujeres afrodescendientes e indígenas, poblaciones históricamente excluidas del acceso y representación en los medios de
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comunicación de masas, y se examinan los elementos que obstaculizan y potencian el proceso de apropiación comunicativa. La investigación se construye y desarrolla a partir de dos ejes articuladores: como primer eje, se asume la construcción de la subalternidad como un producto de las relaciones de poder moderno-coloniales que es actualizada y legitimada por la representación que los medios de comunicación de masas realizan de la población subalternizada. El segundo eje aborda el reconocimiento del derecho a la comunicación en el contexto del debate latinoamericano con el que se abre una oportunidad histórica para el ejercicio del derecho a la comunicación de las poblaciones excluidas de los medios de comunicación de masas, tomando en cuenta las potencialidades de la comunicación para la transformación social. A partir de lo anterior se toma como referencia el análisis de dos experiencias comunicativas que han permitido comprender y analizar los procesos y ejercicio del derecho a la comunicación de mujeres afrodescendientes e indígenas. La primera experiencia que se toma como estudio de caso es la emisora Avanzadoras de Yoco, una radio comunitaria gestionada de manera exclusiva por mujeres afrodescendientes sin experiencia previa en comunicación, situada en el Estado Sucre, en el Nororiente de Venezuela. Como segunda experiencia comunicativa se toma como objeto de análisis el diseño, implementación y sistematización de una intervención comunicativa con mujeres indígenas sanadoras de la provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador, dirigida al desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas que permitieran un acercamiento al ejercicio del derecho a la comunicación a través de la grabación de un programa de radio en la emisora comunitaria Escuelas Radiofónicas Populares del Ecuador (ERPE). La investigación demuestra las potencialidades del ejercicio del derecho a la comunicación para mujeres excluidas de la representación y acceso de los medios de comunicación de masas, en relación al desarrollo de un proceso de empoderamiento y de transformación social en el entorno. Sin embargo, dada la multiplicidad de situaciones discriminatorias que colaboran en la subalternización de estas poblaciones, es necesaria la concurrencia de diferentes circunstancias que permitan la superación de los obstáculos que encuentran en el acceso al disfrute general de sus derechos, incluido el derecho a la comunicación." (Resumen)
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"This study examines the role of alternative media in the socio-environmental movement for justice for the Lumad, the indigenous peoples of the southern Philippines, and the fight to protect the environment in the Philippines from extractive companies and mono-crop plantations. Using thematic textua
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l analysis and framing analysis, the study analysed selected news articles, press releases and advocacy articles from bulatlat.com and civil society group websites posted online from September to December 2015. Anchored on Downing’s theory of alternative media as social movement media and Fuchs’ theory of alternative media as critical media, the study reveals four categories of alternative media: (1) as giver of voice to the oppressed Lumad; (2) as social movement media used for social mobilisation; (3) as an alternative media outfit fulfilling a complementary role with the socioenvironmental movement; and (4) as making social movements’ offline activism visible. It concluded that alternative media play a vital role in socio-environmental movements and the continuing challenge to mitigate the climate crisis." (Abstract)
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"In Australia in the 1980s, large numbers of remote Indigenous radio stations were established due to a perception that the introduction of ‘mainstream’ satellite programming in remote areas would act as a form of cultural ‘nerve gas’ (Remedio, 2012: 295) that would threaten ‘the very isol
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ation that had helped to preserve what remained of traditional language and culture’ (Guster, 2010: 9). There are parallels here with the development of remote media in Mexico and Canada, where local radio networks focusing on cultural content production were established in response to impending development and imposed sources of mass media. In each country, broadcasters in remote communities have, in recent years, been producing increasing amounts of hyper-local cultural and language-based content. This article examines the role played by Indigenous media in remote areas of Australia, Canada and Mexico in creating an alternative cultural voice for traditional communities and maintaining language and culture." (Abstract)
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"Langues et médias en Afrique noire francophone est une contribution très précieuse qui se focalise sur cet aspect tout à fait négligé de l'analyse des mutations médiatiques africaines contemporaines : les transformations de la langue. Elle ouvre une réflexion sur ce que la manipulation de l
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a langue, par les journalistes actuels, révèle quant aux évolutions sociales. Ce qui est passionnant dans le recueil de textes proposé, c'est justement que les différentes contributions s'étendent sur près de 25 ans : elles balayent ainsi un quart de siècle d'histoire de la presse camerounaise, s'intéressant tantôt aux médias publics, tantôt à la presse privée, évoquant les radios ou encore touchant à des thématiques voisines comme celle des TIC. La presse écrite, qui est au centre de cet ouvrage, constitue le reflet de la société qui lui donne naissance. Dès lors, que révèle la langue qu'elle emploie sur l'état de la société camerounaise aujourd'hui, et plus largement sur celles de l'Afrique francophone ? L'auteur démontre avec méthode et rigueur scientifique que la mutation des identités et des pratiques professionnelles transparaissent dans les usages et formes verbales des journalistes africains francophones, tout autant que les évolutions globales des sociétés dont ils sont issus. C'est à ce décryptage fascinant que nous convie, depuis plus de vingt ans, le travail de Louis Martin Onguéné Essono, qui propose, à travers ce recueil, de nombreuses pistes de réflexion stimulantes." (Description de la maison d'édition)
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"This chapter introduces some of the theories, insights, and methodologies of media anthropology. At the heart of media anthropology is the assertion that media practices are not universal. Whether we are discussing how television is viewed, how public relations coordinators negotiate corporate hier
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archies, how Facebook statuses are created and circulated, or how cellular towers are built, the local cultural context plays an important role." (Pages 1-2)
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"De acuerdo con los estudios de análisis de medios reseñados, se confirma con claridad que las poblaciones que sufren más discriminación de manera sistemática en los medios son las comunidades indígenas y afroperuanas. Por un lado, la población indígena es comúnmente representada en asociac
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ión con escenarios de pobreza, violencia, ignorancia, torpeza y poco atractivo físico; en tanto los afroperuanos, además de ser menos visibilizados, son mostrados como objeto de burla o son estereotipados con facilidad, encasillándolos con temas como la vitalidad sexual, la afinidad por la danza o el deporte, y dejando de lado las características individuales de cada persona, así como otros posibles logros o aportes a la sociedad. Todo ello es mostrado en contraste con el protagonismo de personajes blancos, que suelen vincularse con modelos de éxito, autoridad, veracidad, etc. En esa línea, en los programas informativos opera una discriminación por invisibilización; mientras que en los programas de espectáculos opera la perpetuación de representaciones y estereotipos asociados a raza, procedencia social, sexo, entre otros." (Conclusiones y recomendaciones, página 119)
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"This chapter explores mechanisms and causes that put indigenous journalists at risk in Latin America. It seeks to explain the nature of “indigenous journalism” as well as the differences and similarities between “indigenous journalism” and the journalisms found in mainstream media in Latin
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America. It analyses measures taken by indigenous journalists and indigenous communities to improve the safety of those who work in the indigenous media. Indigenous journalists are particularly likely to be engaged in struggles involving local communities resisting outside dominance. Therefore, indigenous journalists continue to be vulnerable to many types of threats and violence. The international community has so far paid little attention to the safety of indigenous journalists." (Abstract)
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"In a world where new technologies are being developed at a dizzying pace, how can we best approach oral genres that represent heritage? Taking an innovative and interdisciplinary approach, this volume explores the idea of sharing as a model to construct and disseminate the knowledge of literary her
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itage with the people who are represented by and in it. Expert contributors interweave sociological analysis with an appraisal of the transformative impact of technology on literary and cultural production. Does technology restrict, constraining the experience of an oral performance, or does it afford new openings for different aesthetic experiences? Topics explored include the Mara Cultural Heritage Digital Library, the preservation of Ewe heritage material, new eresources for texts in Manding languages, and the possibilities of technauriture." (Publisher description)
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"The Argentinian Law 26.522 on Audiovisual Communication Services (currently under reform) aimed at democratizing the media arena by recognizing multiple actors such as community broadcasters, school and indigenous media, among others. According to the legal classification, community broadcasters we
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re regulated as private non-profit media, despite having specific objectives, programming, organizational logic and economic conditions. Conversely, school and indigenous media merged into the public sector, even if they may act as community media. The article compares results arising from two research projects carried out in Northern Argentina through in-depth interviews with key informants from two indigenous radio stations and two school radio stations. The theoretical framework mainly draws on literature about community, alternative and popular communication. Results show that communities participate in such media foundation or management and that media content deals with cultural and political issues related to their interests or needs. Indeed, emerging features allow considering such broadcasters as community media." (Abstract)
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"There are over 120 Australian Government funded Indigenous Broadcasting Services (IBSs) operating in Australia, with further unfunded IBS transmission sites. They vary in size from very small remote services to large community radio broadcasting services, and together, they reach an estimated audie
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nce of at least 100,000 Indigenous listeners who listen regularly. The most substantial investment in Indigenous broadcasting is provided by the Culture and Capability Programme under the Indigenous Advancement Strategy (IAS) which is administered by the Department of the Prime and Minister and Cabinet (PM&C). The purpose of this project was to forecast the return on investment over three years of a very remote, regional and urban IBS by understanding, estimating and valuing their impact on stakeholders. The analysis was verified through broader sector consultation to inform the Australian Government about the breadth and depth of impact likely to occur as a result of their continued investment in IBSs [...] We have identified six key insights from the analyses, explored in detail in section 7 of this report:
1. IBSs provide much more than radio – they are community assets that contribute to strengthening culture, community development and the local economy.
2. The outcomes achieved by IBSs appear consistent but the activities they undertake are varied.
3. The activities IBSs undertake are tailored to the specific needs of the community which helps build trust amongst the community.
4. IBSs are achieving a range of social returns on investment, heavily informed by their context, and value flows to a variety of stakeholder groups.
5. IBSs are contributing towards more of the Government’s priorities than is currently realised.
6. IBSs can leverage government funds to generate additional revenue – and greater impact – but only if they have sufficient resourcing available." (Executive summary, page 4-6)
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"This article offers a critique of widely disseminated portrayals of northern Malian Tuareg by outside media, which tend to portray all Tuareg as warriors and criminals and to project pseudo-scientific concepts of “race” onto relationships between Tuareg and other Malians, recalling the now disc
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redited colonial “Hamitic Myth” in Rwanda. It also analyzes local oral historical accounts that present themes of Mali as both a protected fortress and welcoming crossroads, a country that both resists and absorbs intruders, and that also express concepts of identity based on language, culture, and flexible social affiliation. The article is based partly on interviews with internationally known local musicians who function as mediating “third voices,” and concludes with a discussion of wider implications of these findings for notions of voice, authority, and the mutual construction of ideas of Africa." (Abstract)
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"During the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Indigenous Peoples called for their full and effective participation in the Information Age on their own terms. While implementation of the WSIS Plan of Action has been limited, there are examples of Indigenous Peoples creatively engaging wi
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th information and communications technologies (ICTs) independently, or in partnership with NGOs, private sector, governments, intergovernmental organizations, and other Indigenous Peoples. A broad range of innovative software, hardware, and existing technologies are being employed to, among other things: defend Indigenous Peoples’ human rights; and preserve, manage, and promote their unique cultural heritage. This report summarizes Indigenous Peoples’ engagement with the Information Society and provides an overview of their participation during the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). Particular attention is given to the relevance to “knowledge societies” and Action Line C8 of the WSIS Plan of Action on “Cultural diversity and identity, linguistic diversity and local content.” Drawing on Indigenous Peoples’ declarations, statements, and interviews with key experts and activists, as well as intergovernmental and academic reports, this review also showcases innovations, examples of good practice and emerging trends, with recommendations to guide strategies, projects, and policy-making, in the post-WSIS environment." (Abstract)
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"Frente a la ausencia de material educativo elaborado desde los valores y la cosmovisión de los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía, este proyecto presenta una serie de cuentos y mitos amazónicos, al servicio de los procesos educativos interculturales -formales y no formales- en la ciudad de Lima-P
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erú." (Resumen)
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"When the Aboriginal Programs Unit of Australia’s ABC television began in 1988, every Indigenous person involved was a trainee under the direction of a Euro-Australian professional. They bore the burden of collective selfrepresentation in a televisual wasteland virtually devoid of Indigenous voice
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s. In 2011, Sally Riley (Wiradjuri) became head of the ABC’s Indigenous Unit, with plans to create innovative work that “comments on our own problems, our own issues”. Riley’s projects demonstrate how far Indigenous tv has come in 25 years; new productions expand beyond the burden of representation carried by the first generation, showing the complexities of daily life for diverse aboriginal subjects and audiences, enlarging the national imaginary through the local stories they tell. If the neighborhood of Redfern was known historically as the urban center of aboriginal political action in Australia, the show Redfern Now, has become an innovative site of cultural activism both on and off screen." (Abstract)
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"El proyecto Videoteca de las Culturas de la Dirección de Diversidad Cultural y Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial, prioriza la utilización del medio audiovisual para generar procesos reflexivos y pedagógicos en niños, niñas y adolescentes . El lema del proyecto ‘Desde tus ojos, con tu
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voz’ plantea que a través del registro audiovisual propio, la ciudadanía, especialmente los niños, niñas y adolescentes de pueblos indígenas u originarios y población afroperuana puedan utilizar este medio para expresar su mirada, para comunicar su voz. El énfasis del proyecto está en reconocer la importancia que tienen la experiencia y subjetividad de las personas y colectividades que portan la cámara y que representan el mundo desde sus culturas. Así, el proceso audiovisual participativo puede aportar en la construcción de un ciudadano que desde su pensamiento crítico hace pleno ejercicio de su derecho a la comunicación. Al examinar esta posibilidad, debemos entender que los contenidos audiovisuales resultantes no son neutrales, siempre tienen un rol en la formación ciudadana. Es por eso que presentamos las lecciones audiovisuales para ciudadanos y ciudadanas interculturales, a partir de una selección de vídeos participativos y documentales que expresan la mirada y la voz de distintas comunidades afroperuanas, andinas y amazónicas de nuestro Perú. Proponemos estos materiales como disparadores de una reflexión y un trabajo que acerquen a nuestros estudiantes a la comprensión del nosotros peruano." (Presentación, página 4)
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"The south of the Brazilian state Mato Grosso do Sul, on the border with Paraguay, was historically established by the confinement of native people and occupation of the land by the new settlers. Nowadays, indigenous people struggle for the demarcation of their lands. The areas are currently signifi
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cantly transformed by the farms of the agribusiness and many of the lands are in judicial dispute. Confrontations between landowners and indigenous people are frequent. This paper proposes a critical discourse analysis of the texts published in the largest newspaper in Mato Grosso do Sul concerning a specific confrontation that happened in August 2015. The analysis employs a post-colonial perspective, and is aware of continuing marks of coloniality and dehumanization." (Publisher description)
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"En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta que pretende jugar un papel importante en la revitalización cultural, al preservar, mantener y fomentar el uso de las lenguas originarias; al crear un sistema para el aprendizaje colaborativo, donde los usuarios aportan la base de información (vocabulario
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en lenguas originarias) que es usada por el sistema para generar automáticamente ejercicios de aprendizaje para los usuarios interesados en alguna lengua originaria, todo lo anterior con la ayuda que brindan las aplicaciones de Internet que usan las ventajas de la Web 2.0." (Resumen)
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"¿Para qué una guía que acompañe el video sobre la autogestión territorial indígena? Esta guía permite utilizar el video como una herramienta de capacitación: sirve de orientación para facilitadores/as de talleres de capacitación sobre el derecho a la autogestión territorial indígena; pr
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oporciona directrices y pautas metodológicas para compartir e intercambiar conocimientos; representa un recurso didáctico para dar a conocer experiencias que generen procesos de reflexión y debate." (Página 6)
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