"Ist Künstliche Intelligenz nur eine weitere Entwicklung der Digitalisierung des Alltags, eine effiziente Software in einer „Cloud“? Die KI-Forscherin Kate Crawford entlarvt diese verharmlosende Vorstellung und beleuchtet die konkreten Auswirkungen der Technologie auf die physische Welt. Ihre R
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echerche bietet Einblicke in den Bergbau, wo für die KI reale Ressourcen wie Gestein, Lithium-Sole und Erdöl abgebaut werden, und in Logistik-Zentren, wo menschliche Arbeitskraft für Unternehmensgewinne ausgebeutet werde. Künstliche Intelligenz gehe, so Crawford, mit Umweltzerstörung und Raubbau an der Natur sowie sozialer Ungerechtigkeit einher, etwa der Ausbeutung von Clickworkern. Zudem basiere Künstliche Intelligenz auf einer Klassifizierung von Daten, die keineswegs einer objektiven Logik folge, sondern Hierarchien perpetuiere und Ungleichheiten verstärke. Angesichts dieser Verzerrungen könne KI nicht als neutrale Technologie angesehen werden, deren Probleme wiederum durch weitere technische Innovationen gelöst werden können. Vielmehr seien politische Regulierung, demokratische Kontrolle und die Einbeziehung der von Vorurteilen, Diskriminierung und Ausbeutung Betroffenen erforderlich. Die bereits existierenden Gefahren der Technologien für Privatsphäre, Menschenrechte, Natur und Arbeitswelt seien weitaus bedrohlicher als die von manchen befürchtete Entwicklung einer künstlichen Superintelligenz." (Back cover)
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"This white paper summarizes the outcomes of the initial phase of the Digital Infrastructure Investment Initiative (DIII), launched in 2024 by the ITU in collaboration with the International and Regional Development Finance community, and in coordination with the G20 Brazil Presidency. The initiativ
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e also benefitted from the advice and feedback of over 40 organizations who comprised the DIII Working Group.
The aims of the DIII in its initial stage are:
i) Understand the digital infrastructure investment gap and opportunity: Despite the increase in internet usage in recent years, 35% of the global population does not use the internet at sufficient speeds. This percentage increases to 54% in low and lower-middle-income countries, primarily due to the absence of necessary infrastructure. Developing this infrastructure is estimated to require at least USD 1.6 trillion, according to high-level calculations by the DIII.
ii) Develop a framework that describes the key areas that need to be addressed to increase investment and measure a country’s digital infrastructure investment readiness: By exploring the factors affecting investments, the DIII has identified five archetypal challenges that hinder investments in digital infrastructure. These challenges are demand fragmentation, significant gaps in core infrastructure, unclear digital agendas and policies, execution risks, and country risks. The presence and significance of these challenges depend on the context.
iii) Identify innovative financing mechanisms and instruments that international organizations and private or public plurilateral/multilateral financing institutions can implement to accelerate reaching the target of universal and meaningful connectivity by 2030: Closing the digital infrastructure investment gap will necessitate the identification and deployment of innovative financing mechanisms and instruments. Through a series of discussions, the DIII has identified a range of initiatives, including platforms for pooled digital investments and technical forums designed to enhance coordination and share best practices. Detailed in the report, these initiatives aim to enable stakeholders to improve coordination and collaboratively finance infrastructure projects.
With this document, the initiative aims to inspire multistakeholder solutions through innovative financing of digital infrastructure, moving toward the goal of providing universal, meaningful connectivity to the 2.6 billion unconnected individuals across the world by 2030." (Executive summary)
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"Bringing together perspectives from academia and practice, this second edition Research Handbook provides fresh insights into debates surrounding digital technology and how to respect and protect human rights in an increasingly digital world. New and updated chapters cover the issues posed by the m
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anagement of key internet resources, the governance of its architecture and the role of different stakeholders." (Publisher description)
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"Covering a wide range of different online platforms, including social media sites and chatrooms, this volume is a comprehensive exploration of the current state of sociological and criminological scholarship focused on online deviance. Understanding deviance broadly, the handbook acknowledges both
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an objective normative approach and a subjective, reactivist approach to the topic, putting into sharp relief the distinctions between cybercrime and online deviance on the one hand, and wider concerns of online communities related to online deviance on the other. Divided into five sections, the first section is devoted primarily to scholarship about the theories and methods foundational to exploring online deviance. The second section, "Gender, Sex, and Sexuality", presents empirical research on expressions of gender, sex, and sexuality in online spaces considered deviant. The third section, "Violence and Aggression," highlights scholarship on types of violent communications such as hate speech and cyberstalking. The fourth section, "Communities and Culture," describes empirical research on online communities and networks that can be described as deviant by wider society. Lastly, the fifth section, "Regional Perspectives," highlights research in which a terrestrial location is impactful to the online phenomena studied." (Publisher description)
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"This publication reveals that the gap between ambition and reality remains wide. Mobile broadband coverage has expanded rapidly, offering most of the population the possibility of going online. And yet, only 38 per cent of the population currently uses the Internet—the lowest rate among all ITU r
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egions. But adoption is just the beginning. Universal and meaningful connectivity (UMC) is a new imperative. Achieving UMC means not only ensuring that everyone can access and use the Internet, but also that they can do so safely, productively, and affordably—whenever and wherever needed. In Africa, this possibility remains the privilege of a few. Gaps in affordability, digital skills, and connectivity quality disproportionately affect rural communities, women, and lower-income populations. These divides are leaving millions behind as the digital economy advances. The challenge is especially acute for Least Developed Countries (LDCs), which make up more than half of the countries in the region. Many of these nations face multiple, compounding barriers to digital inclusion, and require targeted, sustained support.
At the same time, this publication offers reasons for optimism. Africa is home to a growing number of digital pioneers—countries, communities, and individuals who are leading innovative approaches to e-waste management, digital entrepreneurship, accessibility, and regulatory excellence. The case studies in this report demonstrate the transformative power of digital technologies when supported by local leadership, inclusive policies, and international cooperation. Better data is essential to closing the digital divide. Africa faces the greatest connectivity challenges yet has the fewest resources—and the least data. Investing even modestly in measurement can yield outsized returns by identifying where needs are most acute, and which interventions will have the greatest impact." (Foreword)
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"This publication provides an in-depth look at digital development across the region, revealing both substantial progress and areas where challenges persist. Internet use is widespread, with nearly nine in ten people online. In a milestone achievement, the Americas is the only region to have fully b
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ridged the gender gap in Internet use, with women now more likely to be online than men. Yet, the region’s digital landscape is also defined by contrasts. While North America benefits from advanced policy and regulatory frameworks, parts of Latin America and the Caribbean continue to face barriers in infrastructure deployment, affordability, and regulatory capacity. This is particularly the case for the region’s small island developing States (SIDS) and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs). These disparities highlight the importance of targeted policies and enhanced regional cooperation.
The region must also respond to growing cybersecurity and environmental challenges. The Americas generate nearly a quarter of the world’s e-waste, yet recycling rates remain low and formal collection systems are lacking in many countries. Advancing green digital policies and implementing extended producer responsibility mechanisms will be vital for sustainable digital growth. Reliable, granular, and timely data is essential for designing effective, targeted interventions and supporting progress toward UMC. While the region benefits from strong statistical capacity and several global data leaders, gaps remain – particularly in disaggregated data by gender, age, location, and socio-economic status. This report also highlights powerful examples of progress – from community networks and disaster resilience efforts to initiatives that empower girls and women through digital skills." (Foreword)
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"I’ve been building open source software technology for NGOs for over a decade, and I have a confession: we’ve been living a lie. For years, I firmly believed that open source was the moral imperative that would democratize technology for the Global South. I championed platforms that could be fr
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eely downloaded, customized, and deployed by anyone. I evangelized the virtues of collaborative development and shared knowledge. Today, as I watch our sector implode under the weight of USAID’s near-total elimination, I realize we’ve built a movement that’s structurally impossible to sustain. Our open source revolution in global development just hit the brick wall of economic reality. Our obsession with open-everything has created organizations that are fundamentally incompatible with financial sustainability. We’ve spent decades perfecting the art of giving away our intellectual property while simultaneously begging donors for the money to keep the lights on. The recent cuts of US foreign aid dollars are a reckoning for an entire sector that chose ideological purity over business sense." (Introduction)
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"This study analyses the costs of connecting to the Internet and providing Internet services in Nigeria for fibre-optic network connectivity, microwave links, mobile broadband cellular links, and cellular communications. The analysis has focused on the capital expenditure (capex) of telecommunicatio
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n equipment, including cost elements such as taxation and licence fees in addition to operational expenditure (opex) in terms of network operation and maintenance costs, including recurring licensing fees.
In terms of report structure, section 1 sets out the background and scope, focusing on key assumptions used and key stakeholders involved. Section 2 looks at the study approach with a specific emphasis on research methodology and scenarios on cost analysis while section 3 analyses the capex and opex for mobile network operators, infrastructure companies, Internet service providers and satellite network operators. Section 4 considers the regulatory framework, especially the key policy instruments affecting the cost of doing business. Section 5 presents recommendations, and the overall conclusions.
The information presented here, builds on and complements the ongoing work of ITU on connectivity and infrastructure mapping and analysis. This technical study has a significant link to universal connectivity as ICT infrastructure remains key to bringing everyone online by 2030. This work will therefore help to shape infrastructure strategies to bring meaningful connectivity to the underserved or unconnected communities.
The study shows clearly that lower capital and operating costs can be achieved by creating a conducive regulatory framework of laws, policies, guidelines and an enabling environment in Nigeria and shows how the development of telecommunications is largely driven by elements such as the costs associated with infrastructure sharing, taxation, electricity availability, ands right of way charges." (Executive summary)
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"In the Santiago River Basin of Peru’s Amazonas region, an ambitious initiative is underway to bridge the digital divide and bring reliable internet connectivity to rural communities. The “Connectivity for the Santiago River Basin” project, led by a multi-stakeholder alliance, aims to foster s
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ocio-economic development in this underserved area. This initiative is part of a broader effort to expand access to digital services and telecommunications, an essential component for reducing inequalities and improving lives in remote regions. The project takes inspiration from earlier successes in the Napo River in Loreto (Peru) and aims to develop a sustainable model for broadband deployment. With the involvement of national and local governments, academia, and national/international development cooperation, the project seeks to provide crucial internet connectivity, enabling enhanced educational, healthcare, and communication services to these isolated communities. In addition, the project was designed to be complementary to a major government initiative for the deployment of telecommunications infrastructure called the Amazonas Regional Project." (Introduction)
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"This report is an invitation to grapple with the complex interplay between infrastructure, media systems, civil society, and public sector institutions. Our findings suggest that effective policy solutions must: acknowledge the historical, political, economic, and social forces that shape informati
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on flows and sociotechnical systems; develop holistic approaches that consider the entire ecosystem rather than isolated interventions; understand how data governance and AI systems fundamentally influence information production, dissemination, and consumption; use a wider array of authorities and policy tools to create legal, regulatory and normative frameworks that protect democratic values while empowering communities and individuals who are embedded in increasingly opaque sociotechnical systems. By exploring both individual-level phenomena and systemic dynamics, this report suggests how legislative, regulatory, competition, education and other public authorities as well as tech platforms and citizens themselves all have a role to play in cultivating information ecosystems where democracy can better thrive." (Foreword by Courtney Radsch, page v-vi)
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"Set in the Global South context of India, this article examines how users of digital media used their platforms and devices to mitigate loneliness and create moments of solitude during the Covid-19 pandemic. Historically, experiencing loneliness has been understood as debilitating but solitude has
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been deemed necessary for individuality and achieving self-growth. This study, qualitative in nature, examines how users of digital media distinguished between the two and charts this engagement to examine their capabilities while using their platforms and services of choice. By adopting a longitudinal design of iterative interviews with 10 participants across age groups and demographics, our findings indicate that digital media users in the Global South repurposed their platforms and services in many ways during the pandemic but found little meaning in their online interactions. The participants, while critically reflecting on their online practices, found social media isolating, and digital media’s attempts at remediating solitude suspect." (Abstract)
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"The world’s information systems are arguably owned by American and Chinese companies. So far, studies on China’s globalising Internet adopt either monolith approach or fragmented approach, lacking a comprehensive image to capture the architecture of China’s global information systems. Critica
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lly adopting the metaphor of ‘platformisation tree’, this article maps China’s network of global platform ecosystems and identifies its main stakeholders, based on a 2022–2023 ethnography with Chinese tech personnel and venture capitalists in Shenzhen, Indonesia and Vietnam. It argues that China’s globalising Internet shows a triangulation of China, the US, and recipient countries. Similarly to how vines grow and spread using various climbing strategies, Chinese tech companies have developed their ecosystem of digital infrastructures, intermediary platforms, and sectional apps. However, they significantly depend on the GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft)-led ecosystem, interact with their surroundings, and embed deeply into recipient countries’s digital geographies. This research provides a grounded, empirical perspective to the contemporary debate on China’s digital expansion, highlighting varying techno-mediated positionalities and socially driven innovation in the Global South. It contributes to the conceptualisation of ‘global platform ecosystems’ as a relational and ecological social technical system, situated within a dynamic integrity of ‘centre-periphery’, ‘onlineoffline’and ‘human-non-human’." (Abstract)
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"We discuss a successful intervention in the management of Internet infrastructure – a campaign which has achieved genuine traction against a cybercrime issue that has dogged the network engineering community for more than thirty years. Internet infrastructure is often characterised as beset by pe
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rverse incentives which frustrate the achievement of common goods –establishing fixes to deep design issues with Internet architecture involves communal action at scale which is hard to manage in a decentralised, competitive, and marketized ecosystem of providers. While much scholarship has sought to establish the incentives frustrating action against cybercrime and identify possible ways to alter these, in this case we observe a community acting to short-circuit them entirely. We develop the concept of infrastructural capital to explain how key actors were able to relocate the issue of spoofing away from the commercial incentive structures of a decentralised ecosystem of competingproviders with little motivation to solve the issue and into the incentive structures of a far more densely networked and centralised professional community of network engineers. This extends previous work applying theory from infrastructure studies to cybercrime economies, developing a new account of how power can be asserted within infrastructure to achieve change, apparently against the grain of other long-standing incentives." (Abstract)
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"This paper examines intersections between social disadvantage and digital inequality in low-income household settings using situational analysis. Partnering with social service organisations, we conducted qualitative fieldwork research over 12 months with low-income households in disadvantaged subu
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rbs in Tasmania, Australia. The research involved home visits, phone interviews, technology tours, and learning biographies with members of households. Findings emphasise the way outcomes of digital connectivity and internet use are not only individual – they are also shared and collective, and this has been a blind spot for digital inequality research framed by methodological individualism. We emphasise the need to shift attention from individual digital skills to collective digital capabilities, emphasising sociotechnical functions embedded in networks of shared resources and practices. Situational analysis revealed digital capabilities as collective investments and workarounds, as participants responded to expanding digital and life management demands. The study contributes to understanding the interaction between digital and social inclusion in low-income household contexts. It highlights the way collective capabilities and ‘digital bootstrapping’ operate in resource-scare environments, providing potential points of intervention beyond individualised notions of digital self-reliance." (Abstract)
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"In this paper, we conceptualize platforms that aim at data integration and analysis as a distinct type of digital platform. Based on the existing literature on digital platforms in general, which so far did not engage with data integration and analysis platforms, we present a definition of data int
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egration and analysis platforms as a digital platform type in its own right. To emphasize the specificity of this platform type, we present a case example, Palantir Technologies, and highlight its structural characteristics and key technical features. The case study shows that data integration and analysis services should be understood as platforms, because like other platforms, they serve as modifiable digital infrastructures that bring together different parties and enable data-dependent interaction. It is especially important to understand data integration and analysis platforms as digital platforms because these platforms have their own politics and determine what happens on them, as we illustrate with regard to two important social values that are part of the data sovereignty of organizations: epistemic opacity and epistemic control. We conclude that it is time that platform research not only scrutinizes those technologies and companies that are visible to the eye of large numbers of end-users, but also those that operate in the dark." (Abstract)
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"The messenger Telegram has gained importance for the mediated constitution of counterpublics in German-speaking countries since 2020. However, most research on Telegram focuses on the content shared and the networks that have developed on the platform. Meanwhile, knowledge about the users of counte
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rpublic Telegram channels and groups and their processes of appropriating the messenger is very limited. Based on 14 in-depth interviews with users, this article explores how individuals connect with like-minded people on Telegram, how they process the information they receive there and why they are attracted to the medium in general. We group them in our analysis according to the meaning they ascribe to the Telegram community, their media repertoires, and how they negotiate contradictions between counterpublic and mainstream information, developing a typology of four types: (1) topic-oriented users, (2) confident researchers, (3) libertarian activists and (4) alienated users." (Abstract)
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"Die audiovisuelle Plattform TikTok bildet mittlerweile einen relevanten Aushandlungsort für soziale Gruppen aller Art. User*innen bietet sich die Möglichkeit, eigene Räume für Vernetzung zu schaffen und Identitätsmanagement zu betreiben. Aufgrund der Plattformaffordanzen – vor allem Multimod
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alität –bieten sich in der Theorie die Möglichkeit, auch dissente Diskurse über die eigenen Netzwerke hinaus zu teilen. So können auch geschichtsbezogene Inhalte, die beispielsweise den Holocaust delegitimieren oder Adolf Hitler heroisieren, ein Publikum jenseits der eigenen Ingroup erreichen. Der interdisziplinär gestaltete Beitrag möchte aus geschichtswissenschaftlicher Perspektive die Praktik der vergangenheitsbezogenen Hate Speech im Spannungsfeld von (Gegen-)Öffentlichkeiten in den Blick nehmen. Für die Untersuchung des Beobachtungsgegenstands auf der Plattform selbst wurde ein explorativer Zugang mit dem thematischen Fokus auf #Holocaust gewählt. Die daraus resultierenden Feldnotizen wurden mittels einer induktiven Inhaltsanalyse bearbeitet. Im Kontext dieser Betrachtung zeigt sich, dass Nutzer*innen auf multimodale Formate der Plattform zurückgreifen, um eigene Themen zu setzen und Netzwerke aufzubauen. Es wurden drei wesentliche Ebenen ausgemacht: (1) die Ebene der Kommentare, (2) die Ebene der Videos und (3) die Ebene der vernetzenden Medienhandlungen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Grenzen zwischen Öffentlichkeit(en) und Gegenöffentlichkeit(en) auf der Plattform flexibel sind und mäandern." (Abstract)
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