Digital Threats

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Arab authorities use digital surveillance to control press freedom: Journalists’ perceptions

Miral Sabry AlAshry

Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, volume 25, issue 3 (2023), pp. 250-266

"The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of digital surveillance by Arab authorities, which face risks and threats of surveillance, and how journalists seek to press freedom by using tools and techniques to communicate securely. Design/methodology/approach: The study used focus group ... more

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Journalism in Cameroon: A High-Risk and Dangerous Profession?

Peter Tiako Ngangum

In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South

Bruce Mutsvairo; Saba Bebawi; Eddy Borges-Rey (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 461-476

"These are challenging times for practicing journalism safely in Cameroon. Death in pretrial detention is one extreme form of silencing journalists, although arbitrary arrests, intimidation, harassment, and trumped-up charges are also used, not only during turbulence and armed conflicts, but also in ... more

Digital Safety Snacks

PEN America (2023)

"PEN America, the Online News Association, and the International Women’s Media Foundation have teamed up to create Digital Safety Snacks, step-by-step videos to help you defend yourself against online abuse. We’ll explain how to protect your most sensitive accounts from hackers and how to dox yo ... more

Southern European Journalists’ Perceptions of Discursive Menaces in the Age of (Online) Delegitimization

David Blanco-Herrero, Sergio Splendore, Martín Oller Alonso

Politics and Governance, volume 11, issue 2 (2023), pp. 210-220

"In a new communication context, factors such as the rise of hate speech, disinformation, or a precarious financial and employment situation in the media have made discursive menaces gain increasing significance. Threats of this kind challenge the legitimacy of institutional news media and professio ... more

Strategic Rituals of Loyalty: When Israeli Journalists Face Digital Hate

Ayala Panievsky

Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1940–1961

"This article examines how and why Israeli journalists use their military service as a shield in response to online violence and digital hate. This practice, termed here the military-as-alibi strategy, is highly consequential. First, it excludes Israeli citizens who are exempt from military service ... more

Tackling the emotional toll together: How journalists address harassment with connective practices

Anu Kantola, Anu A. Harju

Journalism, volume 24, issue 3 (2023), pp. 494–512

"In this article, we examine how journalists address and tackle online harassment by connective practices that involve joint action with peers and editors that we find are particularly effective in addressing the emotional effects of harassment. Theoretically, we bridge community of practice researc ... more

“It Comes With the Job”: How Journalists Navigate Experiences and Perceptions of Gendered Online Harassment

Mateus Noronha Bibiana Garcez Bruno Dias Susana Sampaio-Dias Maria João Silveirinha João Miranda

International Journal of Communication, volume 17, issue 2023 (2023), pp. 5128-5148

"This article examines how online abuse is experienced and tackled by journalists in Portugal, and addresses the prevalence of online harassment and violence against women journalists and their perceptions of the issue. Theoretically, the article bridges the research on online harassment and gender ... more

Swedish journalists' perceptions of legal protection against unlawful online harassment

Oscar Björkenfeldt

Frontiers in Sociology, volume 8, issue 1154495 (2023), 12 pp.

"This study examined journalists' perceptions regarding the legal system's ability to protect them against online harassment. By utilizing open-ended survey responses from respondents with varying levels of trust in the legal system, the findings suggested a need for increased technical proficiency, ... more

Online safety of diverse journalists: A report prepared for Media Diversity Australia

Faith Valencia-Forrester, Bronwyn Carlson, Susan Forde, Madi Day, Mark Pearson, Sandy O'Sullivan, Susan de Groot Heupner, Dylan Barnes

Media Diversity Australia;Griffith University;Macquarie University (2023), 69 pp.

"Overall, our study found that many journalists and media workers from minority backgrounds were experiencing online harassment and abuse from members of the public, and that often, this behaviour was considered ‘part of the job’ in the modern, digital environment. While we found some employers ... more

Social media and online hostility: Experiences of women in Irish journalism

Dawn Wheatley

Dublin: Irish Research Council;Dublin City University (2023), 60 pp.

"The public’s increased access to journalists via social networks is arguably the defining shift in audience-media relations over the past two decades. While some laud this potential for dialogue, the reality is that many journalists face targeted hostility, with women often subjected to particula ... more

Online harassment of journalists in Nigeria: Audience motivations and solutions

Temple Uwalaka, Azubuike Fred Amadi, Bigman Nwala, Peter Wokoro

Media International Australia (2023), 16 pp.

"This study investigates the motivations for the hostility towards the press by the audience and how to control online harassment of journalists in Nigeria. Data for this study are from online and face-to-face semi-structured interviews of 54 Nigerians in Nigeria. Finding shows that perceived journa ... more

“I thought You Are Beautiful”: Uganda Women Journalists’ Tales of Mob Violence on Social Media

Gerald Walulya, Florence Namasinga Selnes

Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1962-1981

"This article contributes to our understanding of the notion of mob censorship from the Ugandan context by examining the nature and consequences of harassment targeting women journalists on social media. Drawing on research about online harassment and censorship, we link mob violence in physical spa ... more

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Occupational Hazards: Individual and Professional Factors of Why Journalists Become Victims of Online Hate Speech

Magdalena Obermaier

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 838-856

"Journalists are regularly exposed to online hate speech their profession. Because discrimination often harms targets and can prompt self-censorship in journalistic content, undermining journalism’s public duty, it is essential to understand factors explaining why journalists become victims of onl ... more

Twitter trolling of Pakistani female journalists: A patriarchal society glance

Ayesha Siddiqua, Jiankun Gong, Iffat Ali Aksar

Media, Culture & Society, volume 45, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1303-1314

"The incorporation of new media technology into journalistic practices led to online harassment, particularly of female journalists. The researchers investigated the tweets of four prominent Pakistani female journalists through the lens of post-colonial feminism and symbolic violence. The qualitativ ... more

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Boundaries, Barriers, and Champions: Understanding Digital Security Education in US Journalism Programs

Jennifer R. Henrichsen, Martin Shelton

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 3 (2023), pp. 309-328

"Journalists are increasingly attacked in response to their work yet they often lack the necessary support and training to protect themselves, their sources, and their communications. Despite this, there has been limited scholarly attention that addresses how journalism schools approach digital secu ... more

How Newsroom Social Media Policies Can Improve Journalists' Well-Being

Logan Molyneux, Jacob L. Nelson

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon; Avery E. Holton; Mark Deuze; Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 78-86

"This chapter draws on a discourse analysis of newsroom social media policies, and in-depth interviews with journalists focused on their reactions to the social media policies within the newsrooms in which they have worked, and their recommendations for how those policies should be improved." (Abstr ... more

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Resisting the Individualization of Risk: Strategies of Engagement and Caution in Journalists’ Responses to Online Mobs in the United States and Germany

Efrat Nechushtai

Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1906-1923

"Increasing levels of toxicity, harassment, trolling, and doxxing targeting journalists are a global problem that adversely affects journalism and democratic life. This study offers a comparative analysis of journalistic responses to online violence in the United States and Germany, based on 87 inte ... more

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Digital Scarlet Letter on Journalists: Weaponized Harassment Against Journalists in South Korea

Na Yeon Lee, Ahran Park

Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2023), pp. 319-336

"This article seeks to contribute to the existing research on journalist harassment by examining the experiences of Korean journalists who have faced online harassment. While extensive research has been conducted on this issue, there is a need for comparative studies to understand the unique pattern ... more

How online harassment affects Korean journalists? The effects of online harassment on the journalists’ psychological problems and their intention to leave the profession

Na Yeon Lee, Ahran Park

Journalism, volume 25, issue 4 (2023), pp. 900-920

"This study examined the effects of online harassment on journalists’ psychological trauma and their intention to leave work. It also investigated whether journalists’ psychological trauma mediates the effects of online harassment on their intention to leave the profession and whether gender mak ... more