Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

In Their Own Voice: Technologically mediated empowerment and transformation among young Arab women

Courtney C. Radsch, Sahar Khamis

Feminist Media Studies, volume 13, issue 5 (2013), pp. 881-890

"This feminist, qualitative study sheds light on how young Arab women used cyberactivism to participate in the wave of political and social transformations widely known as the Arab Spring. It argues that these activists leveraged social media to enact new forms of leadership, agency, and empowerment ... more

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Online citizen journalism and political transformation in the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions: A critical analysis

Sahar Khamis, Katherine Vaughn

In: Online Journalism in Africa

Hayes Mawindi Mabweazara; Okoth Fred Mudhai; Jason Whittaker (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), 16 pp.

The principles which can be drawn from the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights relating to the protection and safety of journalists and journalism

Philip Leach

Belgrade: Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Media and Information Society Freedom of Expression and Democracy in the Digital Age (2013), 27 pp.

"I have been asked by the Council of Europe Steering Committee on Media and Information Society (CDMSI) for a paper setting out the principles that can be drawn from the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (“the Court”) relating to the protection and safety of journalists and journali ... more

How to address current threats to journalism? The role of the Council of Europe in protecting journalists and other media actors

Tarlach McGonagle

Belgrade: Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Media and Information Society (2013), 35 pp.

"Legal and political responses to the above issues will feature centrally in this paper. More specifically, the paper will consider the role of Council of Europe as a regional body in the concerted international efforts to enhance the protection of journalists and other media actors, in particular t ... more

Legal avenues for ending impunity for the death of journalists in conflict zones: Current and proposed international agreements

Kayt Davies, Emily Crawford

International Journal of Communication, volume 7 (2013), pp. 2157-2177

"Every bullet that kills a journalist in a warzone adds passion and urgency to calls for “something” to be done to better protect frontline media workers. International humanitarian law (the body of law that includes the Geneva Conventions) offers some avenues for legal redress, but problems wit ... more

Safety and journalism

Erick Fernández Saldaña

In: Model Curricula for Journalism Education: A Compendium of New Syllabi

Fackson Banda (ed.)

Paris: UNESCO (2013), pp. 195-207

"This course aims to analyse the context in which journalists and communicators are working at local, national, regional and international level, and to help them to identify potential risks, to learn safe protocols and to know about those institutions and procedures that can help them." (Abstract)

The Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflicts: How Can They Be Better Safeguarded?

Isabell Düsterhöft

International and European Law, volume 29, issue 76 (2013), pp. 4-22

"The years 2011 and 2012 were among the most deadly for journalists reporting from conflict situations worldwide. The numbers of assaults, arrests and attacks have been on a constant rise and portray a dramatic image of the journalistic profession. In light of the increasing threats in armed conflic ... more

Protecting the Right to Life of Journalists: The Need for a Higher Level of Engagement

Christof Heyns, Sharath Srinivasan

Human Rights Quarterly, volume 35, issue 2 (2013), pp. 304-332

"Journalists play a central role in fostering a society based on the open discussion of facts and the pursuit of the truth, as opposed to one based on rumor, prejudice, and the naked exercise of power. As a result, journalists are often literally in the line of fire and deserve special protection. T ... more

Violence, Drugs, and Migration in the Border of Ciudad Juárez-El Paso: The Challenges Facing Journalists

Lourdes Cárdenas

In: Reporting at the Southern Borders

Giovanna Dell'Orto; Vicki L. Birchfield (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), 12 pp.

"At the beginning of 2008, the war between two powerful Mexican drug cartels generated an incredible wave of violence in some cities along the US-Mexican border. In Ciudad Juárez, located in the northern state of Chihuahua and to the west of the Texas-Mexico border, the feud over control of drug-tr ... more

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Mexican journalists and journalists covering war: A comparison of psychological wellbeing

Anthony Feinstein

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 5, issue 2 (2013), pp. 77-85

"Purpose: War journalists confront many dangers, leaving them at risk for mental health problems. They are, however, able to take breaks from the hazards of frontline work by periodically leaving conflict zones for the safety of home. This respite is not afforded local journalists who cover conflict ... more

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Gendering the "Arab Spring:" Arab Women Journalists/Activists, "Cyberfeminism," and the Socio-Political Revolution

Sahar Khamis

In: The Routledge Companion to Media & Gender

Cynthia Carter; Linda Steiner; Lisa McLaughlin (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), 11 pp.

"Any observer of the so-called Arab Spring, the massive wave of political revolt that has been sweeping the Arab region since 2011, could not help but notice the visible role that women have been playing in it. Hundreds of thousands of Arab women throughout the region, including in some of the most ... more

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Censorship by Bullet

William Horsley, Jackie Harrison

British Journalism Review, volume 24, issue 1 (2013), pp. 39-46

"It's time to confront the tide of violence used by governments against journalists, argue two fighters for media freedom." (Abstract)

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Investigative Reporting at Risk: The Heroes and the Horrors behind Attacks on Journalists in Mexico

Lise Olsen

In: Reporting at the Southern Borders

Giovanna Dell'Orto; Vicki L. Birchfield (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), 20 pp.

"Nearly 200 investigative journalists converged from all corners of the US-Mexico border at the salmon-colored Hotel Lucerna in Ciudad Juárez to discuss their targets: corrupt politicians, contaminators, criminals, rogues and wrong-doers of all stripes. The gathering came in late 1997-a high point ... more

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Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists

Esra Arsan

Turkish Studies, volume 14, issue 3 (2013), pp. 447-462

"Turkey is a country where democratization process has been repeatedly interrupted by military interventions in the past 50 years. Censorship and self-censorship have become ordinary practices in the media, mainly due to weak parliamentary representations followed by oppressive coup periods. Yet eve ... more

Reciprocity and risk in the work and lives of Kinshasa's TV journalists

Katrien Pype

Journal of African Cultural Studies, volume 25, issue 1 (2013), pp. 57-71

"Just like in many other sub-Saharan African countries, Kinshasa's media world has opened up in the mid 1990s. Especially since 2002, local TV stations have been mushrooming. This has not only led to a proliferation of media productions, but it has also enlarged the terrain of local journalists, in ... more

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Journalists as a Protected Category: A New Status for the Media in International Humanitarian Law

Elizabeth Levin

UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, volume 17 (2013), pp. 215-250

"The nature of modern warfare has vastly changed the role of journalists in conflict and, therefore, the reliability of the protections afforded to them. Countries such as the United States have interpreted international humanitarian law in such a way that leaves journalists vulnerable to targeting ... more

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Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media

Fabrizio Germano, Martin Meier

Journal of Public Economics, volume 97 (2013), pp. 117-130

"Given that over half the revenues of global newspaper publishing come from advertising (80% in the US and 57% in OECD countries, OECD, 2010), we study how media firms internalize the effect of their own coverage on advertisers' sales and hence on their own advertising revenues. We show, within a fr ... more

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Challenges for Independent News Media in Pakistan

Sherry Ricchiardi

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2012), 47 pp.

"For two years running, Pakistan has been ranked by international media monitors as the most dangerous place on earth for journalists. Media workers have been kidnapped, tortured, and beaten to death for delving into the nation’s potent military apparatus and spy agencies. Bodies have been found w ... more

The mediating effect of depression between exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD in news journalists

Klas Backholm, Kaj Björkqvist

European Journal of Psychotraumatology, volume 3, issue 18388 (2012), 8 pp.

"Background: News journalists are an occupational group with a unique task at the scene of an unfolding crisis-to collect information and inform the public about the event. By being on location, journalists put themselves at risk for being exposed to the potentially traumatic event. Objective: To co ... more