Myanmar / Burma
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
21
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
17
Rohingya
16
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
15
Media Law & Regulation
14
Press Landscapes
11
Facebook
9
Female Journalists & Media Workers
9
Media Assistance
9
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
8
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
8
Democracy / Democratization and Media
8
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
7
Media Use, Media Consumption
7
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
7
Freedom of Expression
7
Internet Shutdowns
7
Political Transition and Media
7
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
6
Social Media in Political Communication
6
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
6
Journalism Education & Training
6
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
6
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
5
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
5
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
5
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
5
Access to Media & Information
4
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
4
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
4
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
4
ICT Regulation
4
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
4
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
4
Election Reporting
4
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
4
Media & Communication Policies
4
Television Landscapes
4
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
4
Public Service Broadcasting
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
3
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
3
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
3
Mobile Phone Use
3
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
3
Catholic Press
3
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
3
Censorship
3
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
3
Religion and Conflicts, Religious Conflicts, Religious Violence
3
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
3
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
3
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
3
Internet
3
Social Media
3
ICTs and Development
3
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
3
ICT Industries & Markets
3
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
3
Media Markets
3
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
3
Health Campaigns: Experiences
3
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
3
Journalism
3
Local Communication & Media
3
Radio Landscapes
3
Media Law & Regulation: Transitional Countries
3
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
3
Refugees / Displaced People
3
Politics and Media
3
Election Campaigns: Social Media
3
Religion and Communication
3
Buddhism and Communication
3
Civil Society
3
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
3
Flow of Information
2
Advocacy & Political Films
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
2
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
2
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
2
Catholic Church
2
Catholic Media
2
Catholic Radio Programmes
2
Puppetry
2
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
2
Film Training & Film Schools
2
Communication Rights
2
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
2
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
2
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
2
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
2
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
2
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
2
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
2
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
2
Rumours & Rumour Management
2
Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Internet and Politics
2
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
2
Internet Markets
2
Digital Media Markets
2
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
2
Mobile Phone Markets
2
Diaspora Media
2
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
2
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
2
Library Assistance (Development Cooperation)
2
Public Libraries
2
Media Ownership
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
2
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
2
Indigenous Communication
2
Foreign News, International News
2
News Agencies
2
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
2
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
2
Media Assistance: Exile Media
2
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
2
Media Assistance: Transition Countries & Defective Democracies
2
USA: Media Assistance
2
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
2
Media System Analyses & Typologies
2
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
2
Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
2
Framing
2
Islam and Communication
2
Telecommunications
2
Mobile Phone Apps
2
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
2
Telecommunication Industries & Markets
2
Television
2
Non-Western Communication Approaches
2
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
1
Advertising
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Migrants & Refugees
1
Empowerment
1
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
1
People with Disabilities: Advocacy & Empowerment
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Agriculture
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Audiences & Users
1
Audience Clubs & Listener Groups
1
Audience Segmentation, User Typologies, Personas
1
Information Needs in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
1
Media Use: Indigenous Populations
1
Media Use: Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups
1
Mobile Phone Use: Minorities
1
Media Use: Rural Populations
1
Media Use: Youth
1
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Book Marketing, Branding & Promotion
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Catholic Book Publishing
1
Christian Book Publishing
1
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
1
Campaigning
1
Election Campaigns
1
Radio Campaigns
1
Catholic Church and Communication
1
Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
1
Radio Veritas Asia
1
National Catholic Communication Work, National Catholic Communication Commissions
1
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
1
Christian Communication
1
Christian Churches & Denominations
1
Christian Media
1
Christian Radio Programmes
1
Christian Press: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
1
Christian Minorities
1
Persecution of / Violence Against Christians
1
Asian Cinema
1
Female Film Actors, Directors & Producers
1
Film Festivals
1
Indigenous Films, Indigenous Videos
1
Film Industries
1
Film Production Management
1
National Cinemas, National Film Production
1
Digital Rights
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
State Influence on the Media
1
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Community Media
1
Community Media Financing & Sustainability
1
Community Radios
1
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
1
Community Radio Training Methods & Training of Trainers
1
Community Telecommunication Networks
1
Storytelling
1
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
1
Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
1
Boko Haram
1
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Military: Online & Social Media Communication Strategies
1
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
1
Countering Misinformation & Rumours
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Puppetry in Education
1
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
1
Cultural Identity
1
Culture (General)
1
Development Assistance
1
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Behaviour Change Communication
1
Behaviour Change Communication: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Communication for Social Change
1
Development Communication: Experiences
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Edutainment Radio Programmes
1
Edutainment Television Programmes
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
1
Digital Entrepreneurs, Tech Entrepreneurs
1
Digital Healthcare & Information, Mobile Health, E-Health, Telemedicine
1
Digital Media Landscapes
1
Digital Media Startups
1
Digital Media Management, Online Media Management
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
Religion in Social Media
1
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
1
Twitter & Microblogs
1
YouTube
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Digital Industrial Policies
1
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
1
Online Learning, E-Learning
1
ICT Policies
1
Discrimination in Language & Media
1
Media Assistance: Minority Media
1
Minority Journalists
1
Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Coordination in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Infectious Diseases' Outbreak Communication
1
Media Industries
1
Music Industries & Markets
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Music Markets
1
Political Economy of Media
1
Economy
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Adult Education
1
Easy-To-Understand Information, Easy-To-Read Materials, Easy Language
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Communication for Sustainable Development
1
Deserts, Desertification
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Press Councils
1
Self-Regulation of Media
1
Social Norms
1
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
1
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
1
Good Practice Examples
1
Innovations
1
Child Health, Mother & Child Care Communication
1
Health Communication & Campaigns: Youth
1
Malaria Communication
1
WASH Communication (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)
1
Colonial Period
1
History of the Press
1
Nazism
1
Second World War (1939-1945)
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Issues Reporting & Media Representation
1
Indigenous Languages
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
Satellite Television
1
Transnational Communication
1
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
1
Journalists
1
Local Journalism
1
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
1
Language Barriers
1
European Union: Media Assistance
1
France: Media Assistance
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Japan: Media Assistance
1
Media Assistance: Effects
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Media Assistance: Funding Policies
1
Media Assistance: Governance, Accountability, Combating Corruption
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
Deutsche Welle DW Akademie
1
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
1
Media Assistance: Public Service Broadcasting
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Norway: Media Assistance
1
Sweden: Media Assistance
1
United Kingdom: Media Assistance
1
Crowdsourcing
1
Information Ecosystems
1
Mindfulness, Mindful Communication
1
Social Media Landscapes
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Frequency Allocation, Radio Frequency & Spectrum Management
1
Human Rights
1
Human Rights Protection
1
Human Rights Violations
1
Religious Freedom
1
Starting Media Outlets, Creation of Digital Businesses
1
Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas & Media
1
Youth Migrants, Youth Refugees, Youth Dasporas
1
Music
1
People with Disabilities: Access to & Use of ICT and Media
1
People with Disabilities: Tailored ICT & Media Products
1
Politics
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Military
1
State
1
Agenda Setting
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
1
Political Communication
1
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
1
Propaganda
1
Watchdog Role of the Media
1
Press
1
Newspapers
1
Public & State Press
1
Business & Economics Radio Programmes
1
Radio Debates, Radio Talk Shows, Call-In Radio Programmes
1
Radio Stations
1
Manipulation
1
Buddhism
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islam
1
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
1
Religious Discrimination, Persecution of / Violence Against Religious Groups
1
Yazidism, Yazidis, Yezidis
1
Research in Media & Communication
1
Society
1
Resilience
1
Dalits
1
Software Security
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
1
Youth, Adolescents
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"Triangulating several methods including automated framing analysis and assessment of textual elements, this study examines how the elite press from three countries frames the Rohingya refugee crisis in 2017. Results from our framing and textual analysis show differences in how the press from the th ... more

Press Freedom in Contemporary Asia

London; New York: Routledge (2020), xii, 402 pp.
"In June 2020, MDIF conducted a survey of 36 Myanmar media outlets to gather information about the impact of COVID-19 on their businesses between March and May. They represent a mix of national media, as well as local media from the ethnic states and regions. Their operations are of various sizes: t ... more

Counter-Narratives: Myanmar's Digital Media Activists

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 377-386
"In the months before Myanmar's national elections in November 2015, Khin Oo says she began to engage directly with Facebook users to dispel rumours and misinformation that, in her view, propagated hate and inflamed intercommunal tensions. She posted "right speech" and "right information" by comment ... more
"Academic studies of Myanmar media in English are few and far between, although this is starting to change as the country continues to open and a new generation of Myanmar scholars emerges. Many of the studies that do exist fall into common conceptual traps, such as an overemphasis on journalism or ... more
"Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exa ... more
"My focus in this chapter is on civil society mobilization in Tanintharyi Region in southern Myanmar, and particularly in Kanbauk, a village of about 1,500 households in the Tanintharyi Hills, eighty kilometres north of the regional capital, Dawei. In recent years, Kanbauk villagers have contended w ... more
"Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change is the first volume to overview the country’s contemporary media landscape, providing a critical assessment of the sector during the complex and controversial political transition. Moving beyond the focus on journalism and freedom of th ... more

The Metamorphosis of Media in Myanmar's Ethnic States

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 210-228
"In this chapter I explore the challenging move from the borderlands and the growth of the media sector inside the ethnic states. The outlets launched inside now outnumber those that have moved inside. BNI's members - now totalling fourteen - are also in the minority. Yet in many ways it is Burma Ne ... more
"This chapter is drawn primarily from Jane Madlyn McElhone's thirteen years of in-field experience in Myanmar and other nations in transition, as well as key informant interviews she conducted in 2017 and 2018 [...] Our discussion is driven by a series of interlinked questions. Who were the key medi ... more

New Video Generation: The Myanmar Motion Picture Industry in 2017

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 287-306
"Following a summary of secondary and primary sources on the subject of film production in Burma, I will present an overview of the history of the Burmese film industry, from the British colonial period, to independence, to the years of the Burmese Socialist Program Party, and then the SLORC/SPDC ye ... more
"This report analyses the Chin media sector. It is based on research conducted by MDIF from late 2018 through December 2019, as well as a quantitative and qualitative survey conducted by Myanmar Survey Research (MSR) in May 2019. The report provides data on the Chin media operations themselves, as w ... more

Media and the 2015 General Elections

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 251-264
"The first section of the chapter provides a brief overview of the legal framework that defines the concept of media space, with a specific focus on election day. Regulations included constraints on journalists' ability to cover the elections, which affected their access to polling stations. The sec ... more

Myanmar's Pop Music Industry in Transition

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 267-286
"I begin this chapter with a review of the scholarly literature on music scenes during and after political transitions. Next, I report on how Myanmar's popular music scene developed in the immediate wake of the cancellation of censorship. I argue that the popular music scene is being significantly a ... more
"Background: Interventions to raise community awareness about malaria prevention and treatment have used various approaches with little evidence on their efficacy. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of loudspeaker announcements regarding malaria care and prevention practices among peopl ...
"The uptake of telecommunications technology in Myanmar has been nothing short of dramatic. After years of restricted access to information and freedom of expression, it has been a remarkable journey for civil society groups like MIDO to witness the growing interest and demand, especially among the ... more

Cracking the Glass Ceiling in Myanmar Media

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 243-250
"Pre-publication censorship has been abolished, private journals and papers abound (although the issue of consolidation caused by financial strains is another matter) and, depending on your calculations, there are between 2,000 and 5,000 accredited journalists in Myanmar, at least half of whom are w ... more