"En este texto nos preguntamos, en concreto, por los efectos de la desigualdad económica en el acceso a las tecnologías digitales, en especial a Internet y, por ende, a los derechos que se ejercen a través suyo. También nos preguntamos por la caracterización jurídica del acceso a Internet, tan
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to en el plano internacional de los derechos humanos como en el plano local del derecho constitucional, y por la relación que pueda existir entre esta caracterización jurídica y su potencialidad para reducir las desigualdades. En el contexto de la sociedad de la información, el estudio de la desigualdad económica nos conduce a precisar las diferencias en función de las condiciones del acceso efectivo a las tecnologías digitales, en concreto a Internet, su gran e indiscutible protagonista. El acceso a Internet visto y entendido como el medio para acceder a bienes y servicios, para el ejercicio de los derechos humanos, para la realización de actividades significativas, para aumentar la productividad y —en general— para concretar las promesas del desarrollo y de la participación efectiva en el progreso científico y sus beneficios. Este texto busca realizar una aproximación teórica al problema de las desigualdades en el acceso a Internet desde dos miradas. Por un lado, desde la idea de la brecha digital y, por otro, desde la búsqueda de la (mejor) caracterización jurídica del acceso a Internet, que pueda, en tal contexto, servir de herramienta en la toma de decisiones orientadas a la reducción de las desigualdades y al cierre de la brecha digital." (Introducción, página 25-26)
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"This practical guide aims to provide journalists with concrete legal tools to deal with online harassment, be it to identify punishable offences, to seek help from appropriate organisations, to efficiently gather evidence and to take steps should they decide to file a complaint against the perpetra
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tors. Where appropriate, it also presents examples of litigation initiated by journalists who were victims of online harassment. It covers online harassment of journalists in Australia, Brazil, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom (England and Wales) and the United States. Although none of these countries provide specific provisions sanctioning online harassment of journalists, they all offer civil and criminal law provisions that make it possible to apprehend, punish and compensate all or part of the most common abuses committed against journalists. In addition to the comprehensive presentation of the legal tools available for journalists in each of these jurisdictions, this guide aims to provide journalists with an overview of the solutions available to combat situations of online harassment, in order to enable them to choose the best legal forum to exercise their rights." (Introduction)
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"Television is an important political tool in Latin America. In recognition of its ability to shape public opinion and influence political behavior, Brazilian electoral authorities provide political parties with free television airtime in the weeks preceding elections. While Brazil’s publicly fina
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nced electoral program levels the playing field between parties, it may contribute to intraparty resource disparities. This article contends that racial considerations influence how party elites distribute television airtime and thus contribute to the political marginalization of Afro-Brazilians. Using original data from Rio de Janeiro’s 2012 municipal elections, it shows that party officials provide Afro-Brazilian candidates significantly less airtime than their white counterparts, even after controlling for theoretically important nonracial candidate characteristics. Moreover, it shows that there are racial differences in how candidates use the airtime they are awarded. Afro-Brazilian candidates are nearly ten times more likely than whites to focus on racial issues in their campaign ads. These results provide new insight about why Afro-Brazilians are rarely elected to public office and, when elected, the types of issues they may address." (Introduction)
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"Does national media news coverage affect the behavior of legislators when deciding foreign policy matters? This article aims to disentangle the relationship between the media and legislative behavior in foreign policy, using Paraguay as a case study. We analyze the level of public debate on interna
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tional affairs, measured by the frequency of news in the newspaper ABC Color in the six months before the roll-call votes on the Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay. The literature on Latin American studies finds a lack of parliamentary interest in foreign affairs due to low voter attention to this subject, and therefore a low impact on reelections. We find the relationship between parliamentary polarization and public interest in a bill to be mediated by mass media. After estimating a Tobit model, we observe a significant and positive relationship between the news coverage a law receives and the degree of polarization among parliamentarians. Thus, our empirical evidence contradicts the idea that there is a lack of electoral interest in foreign policy. We confirm this finding through qualitative data gathered from in-depth interviews." (Introduction)
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"The policy brief we hereby present to the Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency (Anatel) includes recommendations and specific proposals to enable community networks in Brazil, considering extensive research in both the global and Brazilian context, the state of the art of these small, not-f
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or-profit players and the findings and experiences of 32 interviewees all related in some capacity to Brazilian community networks: internet access, spectrum management, the digital divide or research on information and communications technology (ICT) projects. We hereby summarise the priority areas that need to be addressed and the recommendations to reduce barriers and unlock the potential of Brazilian community networks." (Executive summary)
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"Este manual reúne informações a partir de experiências concretas de redes comunitárias no Brasil e América Latina para responder a perguntas como: o que são redes comunitárias? Que tipos existem? Como planejar, implementar, instalar e gerir uma rede comunitária? Dessa maneira, esta publica
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ção busca apresentar um conjunto de informações práticas e trazer uma visão geral deste campo, bem como reunir indicações de outros materiais que possam apoiar comunidades interessadas em imaginar, construir e manter redes e soluções de conectividade, tudo isso com muitas ilustrações e com base na educação popular." (Cubierta del libro)
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"Internews designed the HRSM Amazon project to provide adequate information about COVID to vulnerable communities. Each local partner maintained relationships with indigenous communities and remote sectors that received inadequate state health care, had high rates of mis/disinformation, and lacked i
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nformation about the pandemic. Partners adapted project activities to these communities’ needs, providing information in their native languages and supporting community members to lead fact-based content production. For some communities, these trainings offered their first experiences ever in producing communications materials, and partners ensured indigenous values directly informed content creation with an intercultural approach. Internews observed the project’s direct and indirect positive impacts on shifting perspectives of indigenous organizations. For example, SERVINDI reported that when they first conducted their health diagnosis, indigenous communities rejected the vaccine; however, the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin (COICA) requested more vaccination information in their native languages following the campaign’s implementation. Similarly, communication narratives that placed traditional and Western medicine in dialogue helped communities consider alternative strategies for coping with the pandemic. Throughout HRSM Amazon’s 12-month timeframe, the project consistently evolved to adapt initiatives to community needs. To reach last-mile communities in Colombia and Guyana, for instance, partners stored audio on flash drives to play repeatedly over loudspeakers where internet was not available. The pandemic not only heightened the visibility of digital connectivity challenges, but it particularly amplified the health realities of the most remote indigenous communities ignored by the State. According to local organizations, health problems extend far beyond just COVID infections. Indigenous communities face limited medical presence or no medical supplies on a regular basis; for example, the Araona Territory previously lacked a health center nearby, so the population had not received medical attention for 15 years. CEJIS adapted its project activities to go beyond preventing COVID-19 transmission in the Araona communities, providing radio listeners and national media across Bolivia with health information and updates on the Araona situation. As the project concluded, HRSM Amazon partners left indigenous communities equipped with their own communication initiatives, such as communicator networks and informational podcasts that community members are now continuing to lead independently, setting them up for greater long-term connectivity and information access. Not only will communities be able to more effectively share information among themselves moving forward, but this greater visibility will also help the State understand primary needs among indigenous communities, create culturally relevant health information campaigns, and act with increased respect for indigenous autonomy." (Executive summary)
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"This book investigates the ways in which the mobile telephone has transformed societies around the world, bringing both opportunities and challenges. At a time when knowledge and truth are increasingly contested, the book asks how mobile technology has changed the ways in which people create, disse
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minate, and access knowledge. Worldwide, mobile internet access has surpassed desktop access, and it is estimated that by 2022 there will be an excess of 6 billion mobile phone users in the world. This widespread proliferation raises all sorts of questions around who creates knowledge, how is that knowledge shared and proliferated, and what are the structural political, economic, and legal conditions in which knowledge is accessed. The practices and power dynamics around mobile technologies are location specific. They look different depending on whether one chooses to highlight the legal, social, political, or economic context. Bringing together scholars, journalists, activists and practitioners from around the world, this book embraces this complexity, providing a multifaceted picture that acknowledges the tensions and contradictions surrounding accessing knowledge through mobile technologies. With case studies from Hong Kong, South Korea, India, Syria, Egypt, Botswana, Brazil, and the US, this book provides an important account of the changing nature of our access to knowledge, and is key reading for students, researchers, activists and policy makers with an interest in technology and access to knowledge, communication, social transformation, and global development." (Publisher description)
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"This article summarizes the development of education and research in Communication Studies in Brazil. It is argued that different factors contributed to the development of the particular features that Brazilian Communication Studies present nowadays. They include: the late development of Brazilian
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universities, in comparison to the western societies, but also to other Latin American countries; the relatively early development of Communication programs, beginning from the late 1940s, following the example of the United States; state interventionism in the universities’ curricula, and the influence exerted by other non-academic social actors, such as journalists’ unions. As the result of the influence of these factors, Communication Studies organized according to two entirely different logics: undergraduate studies focus on specialized professional fields (such as Journalism, Advertising, Public Relations, Cinema) and adopt a practical approach with respect to them; otherwise, graduate studies employ a much more general and academic approach focusing on Communication as a whole. The article also discusses the challenges faced by Communication Studies at present, resulting both from the changes in the media landscape and a hostile political scenario, associated with the rise of Jair Bolsonaro, an ultra-rightist politician who openly disdains science (and human sciences in particular)." (Abstract)
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"The handbook is divided into five parts, each taking global developments in the field into account: Theoretical Reflections, Power and Authority Conflict, Radicalization and Populism, Dialogue and Peacebuilding, Trends. Within these sections, central issues, debates and developments are examined, i
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ncluding: Religious and secular press; ethics; globalization; gender; datafication; differentiation; journalistic religious literacy; race, and religious extremism." (Publisher description)
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"Este libro es un homenaje a la historia de millones de colombianos y colombianas que se niegan a convivir con la violencia y que han encontrado en el perdón, y en el encuentro honesto con los responsables del daño y el dolor, el camino hacia la reconstrucción de las relaciones rotas por la guerr
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a; un camino para sanar. La escucha de todas estas experiencias y el reconocimiento de estos dolores y luchas como propios nos devuelven la grandeza de ser seres humanos y nos sacan de la crisis ética en la que nos sumió esta guerra entre hermanos. En este libro encontrarán historias narradas por sus protagonistas, cuidadosamente tratadas por nuestro equipo territorial. Estas narraciones fueron escuchadas a lo largo y ancho del territorio nacional y son parte de la vida de hombres y mujeres del campo colombiano, muchos campesinos, otros indígenas o afrodescendientes, uno de ellos homosexual, y otra de ellas mujer transgénero: toda, población vulnerable por la desprotección del Estado cuando el campo, las veredas y los corregimientos se volvieron territorios de guerra, en los cuales la inmensa mayoría de los muertos fueron civiles. Esta es 'La fuerza de esta voz': la historia de vida de las personas que habitan los territorios recorridos por la Comisión de la Verdad con la intención de comprender el conflicto armado colombiano. Es la fuerza de su dolor, sus luchas y sus sueños. Compartir con el país lo que hemos escuchado es una forma de agradecer a quienes con generosidad nos brindaron su testimonio. Escucharnos, como país, es el primer paso para reconocernos, y reconocer a las víctimas, su dolor y su resistencia, y asumir juntos el compromiso de la no repetición de la guerra del conflicto armado interno: el compromiso de la paz grande." (Prólogo de Francisco de Roux, página 4-5)
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"[...] this book explores the complex construction of democratic public dialogue in developing countries. Case studies examine national environments defined not only by state censorship and commercial pressure, but also language differences, international influence, social divisions, and distinct va
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lue systems. With fresh portraits of new and traditional media throughout Africa, Latin America and Asia, authors delve into the essential role of the media in developing countries. Case studies illuminate the relationship between the State and the media in Russia, as well as the challenges faced by journalists working in Kurdistan. Further cases reveal bureaucratic censorship of books in Brazil, regulatory dilemmas in Australia, state policies in post-colonial Malawi, and the potential of oral culture for the strengthening of democratic conversation. Media, Development and Democracy brings the liberal democratic media model into new terrains where some of its core assumptions do not hold. In doing so, the authors' collective voices illuminate pressing issues facing our current global dialogue and our liberal and democratic expectations concerning communications and the media." (Publisher description)
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"The article gives an account of the results of the first census of community radios (CR) in Chile. The official data on these stations and those collected by community radio organizations are not complete or reliable, so it is necessary to know how many radios they are, where they are located terri
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torially and what their characteristics are. The census detects 361 community radios distributed in the country. It accounts for characteristic elements and reaffirms the differences in the development of CR in Chile, in relation to other Latin American countries such as Argentina, Ecuador or Colombia, where radios occupy frequencies of the radio spectrum before the government allows it, negotiating its legalization later. It is determined that in Chile the majority of CRs initiate their transmissions and operate in accordance with the law. They are mostly small radios, since Chilean law allows them a maximum of 25 watts; Its members are mainly volunteers, with low audience participation in their management and with a weak association between them and with existing radio organizations. The article provides data that allows the development of territorial profiles of broadcasters and provides information on their technical, operational and financial characteristics, and helps to know how CRs actually work in Chile." (Abstract)
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"Os pastores de internet ocupam um lugar de fala privilegiado e põem em circulação as estratégias para o compartilhamento de suas respectivas mensagens, tornando-se referências para os seus milhões de seguidores. No cenário brasileiro, um dos youtubers mais famosos quando se trata de pregaç
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o de mensagem evangélica na internet é Deive Leonardo, 31 anos de idade. Seguido por mais de 16 milhões de pessoas nas mídias sociais, Deive Leonardo é convidado para participar como entrevistado em programas de TV, a exemplo do programa The Noite, apresentado por Danilo Gentili. Como estudo de caso, objetivamos analisar como o pastor de internet constrói narrativas midiático-religiosas que representam o seu “eu”. O pastor de internet é um fenômeno da midiatização digital da religião, porque na lógica dos processos midiáticos, potencializados pelas ambiências das redes sociais digitais, a atuação e a identidade pastoral evangélica são diferentes dos processos estabelecidos historicamente pela instituição religiosa. O fiel autônomo é conhecido como pastor a partir da circulação de suas estratégias de comunicação midiática e não pelo fato de desenvolver um ministério pastoral em uma determinada igreja física e local." (Abstract)
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"Featuring contributions from a diverse range of internationally-recognized experts and practitioners, this timely volume discusses recent developments in the field in the context of related scholarship, public policy, formal and non-formal teaching and learning, and DIY and community practice. Offe
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ring a truly global perspective, the Handbook focuses on empirical work from Media and Information Literacy (MIL) practitioners from around the world. The book’s five parts explore global youth cultures and the media, trans-media learning, media literacy and scientific controversies, varying national approaches to media research, media education policies, and much more." (Publisher description)
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"Esta publicación, de libre acceso, comprende 32 reportajes y crónicas periodísticas de investigación en materia de inversión pública, de 32 periodistas, 20 varones y 12 mujeres, correspondientes a 16 regiones del país: Cusco, La Libertad, Piura, Junín, Lambayeque, Arequipa, Lima, Puno, Ica,
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Huánuco, Pasco, Áncash, Tumbes, Amazonas, Ayacucho y Tacna. Las y los periodistas han revelado las problemáticas que son más sensibles en sus regiones; denunciando, visibilizando, sensibilizando, y también dando una señal de esperanza de que las cosas pueden mejorar en el contexto actual que el país atraviesa, con un nuevo gobierno, que pretende ser mucho más cercano a la ciudadanía más vulnerable. Con mucha satisfacción podemos concluir que el curso denominado con el mismo nombre de la publicación, en su primera edición, ha logrado su objetivo principal: fortalecer las capacidades de las y los periodistas en el análisis, producción y difusión de noticias para fomentar acciones de vigilancia ciudadana sobre los recursos públicos y reconocer el rol fundamental que cumple el periodismo para la defensa de la democracia." (Presentación, página 6-7)
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"Este manual está dirigido a estudiantes de comunicación, periodistas en ejercicio y medios de comunicación, con el fin de que sea utilizado como una herramienta para generar contenidos responsables e informados sobre los pueblos indígenas. Pero en un sentido amplio, es también útil y adecuado
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para todo aquel que quiera conocer más sobre una parte de nuestra historia y sobre la lengua y la cultura de un pueblo con el que convivimos día a día pero del que conocemos poco." (Prólogo, página 11)
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"A pesquisa apontou que em 91% das arquidioceses, dioceses e prelazias da Amazônia Legal brasileira contam com espaços permanentes de comercialização de produtos agroecológicos, da agricultura familiar e economia solidária. A maior parte desses espaços são as tradicionais feiras que reúnem
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diferentes modalidades e produtos, abastecendo comunidades e até cidades inteiras com hortaliças, verduras, frutas, pequenos animais e outros itens produzidos pelos agricultores e agricultoras [...] Em 28% das arquidioceses, dioceses e prelazias existem Feiras de Economia Solidária, que reúnem empreendimentos solidários urbanos e rurais mas também cooperativas, redes de comercialização e outras experiências de economia solidária. É importante ressaltar que, apesar de parecer um número baixo, a existência dessas feiras em pelo menos 19 municípios indica a força da economia solidária na Amazônia, resultado da mobilização de pastorais sociais, movimentos sociais e das políticas públicas específicas implementadas no Brasil entre os anos 2003 e 2016." (Página 29-30)
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