"Our everyday lives are increasingly digital: We meet with friends, search for information, watch films, and buy goods online. This generates data that is automatically collected and analyzed. The ability to deal with the resulting algorithmically selected and personalized content is essential to be
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nefit from digital technologies, and for this, digital skills are crucial. Studies focusing on digital skills, their antecedents, and consequences have mostly relied on self-reported, one-time measurements. A deeper understanding of the measures of digital skills and the role such digital skills play in everyday life and over time is needed. To address these gaps, this article compares self-reported measures of digital skills and knowledge of datafication and algorithmization in everyday internet use and maps the evolution of their relevance for digital everyday life. To do so, this articles analyzes data from multiple cross-sectional surveys conducted from 2011 to 2023 with representative samples of Swiss internet users. First, the findings indicate that self-reported skills reflect internet users' knowledge of algorithmization and datafication in everyday internet use. This renders the measure a decent tool for empirical studies. Second, the findings show that digital skills are associated with socioeconomic background, cyber-optimistic attitudes, usage time, use of social media, health trackers, voice assistants, ChatGPT, and feeling included in the information society. These relationships varied over time. This article provides longitudinal empirical evidence on the relevance of digital skills in a highly digitized country. The findings highlight that promoting digital skills can contributeto fostering more inclusive digital societies." (Abstract)
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"The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for newsrooms across the world range from severe economic hardship to increased threats to press freedom. The “perfect storm” that engulfed the media and journalists globally has threatened and continues to challenge their existence, and the core of the
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ir mission to serve the public interest. This study maps the impact of external political, economic, legal and societal factors on journalistic freedom and the way(s) news organizations and journalists operate in times of global crisis in four Southern European countries. It provides a fuller cross-national perspective on the complex relationship between media, journalism and politics in countries with existing democratic deficits. Findings are based on 32 semi-structured interviews with journalists working in four Southern European countries, namely Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus and Malta, conducted in 2022. We find increased economic challenges to their fragile media markets, high level of state intervention, political parallelism in coverage of the pandemic and beyond, and numerous threats to the autonomy of journalists that hamper journalism and question its development in the future. The study’s implications are relevant to different contexts, particularly in countries where journalism and media face similar challenges." (Abstract)
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"This study explores the extent to which the Corona pandemic has changed the working conditions of journalists in Germany and how they perceive these changes. The goal is to provide both the scale and qualitative nature of Corona-induced changes in the working environment of journalists by means of
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an online survey of German journalists (n*=*983) in different employment situations. The results indicate that objective changes such as short-time work, income losses and the sudden shift to home office have notably shaped the world of journalistic work. On a subjective level, journalists’ responses mainly point to the personal financial fallout and resulting existential fears. Our findings suggest an intensified precarity in the working environment of journalists and highlight a growing gap between freelance and employed journalists." (Abstract)
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"This article discusses online harassment against women journalists exploring self-reported incidents, effects, and trust in safety mechanisms. Drawing on twenty-five semi-structured interviews of women journalists in Portugal, we use a feminist and critical realist framework to explore the causal s
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tructures and generative mechanisms that explain their vulnerability to online abuse. We identify three overarching themes: increasing visibility in a context of higher hostility towards journalism and insufficient safety mechanisms; intersectional gender inequality and cultural mores that foster it; and (individual) responses to harassment. These themes show that women journalists’ actions are both constrained and enabled by existing structures and cultural attitudes. While they tend to deny harassment is caused by their gender, seeing it mainly because of their job, they admit the sexualised and gendered nature of the insults, seeing this as an added offence not experienced by their male counterparts. They also see harassment as a continuation of inequality and prevailing sexism and find the protection mechanisms insufficient and ineffective. As a result, they assume an extra burden of emotional labour to deal with online bullying, admitting self-censoring and the need to develop resilience strategies." (Abstract)
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"In the digital era, journalists are targeted with online abuse including serious threats of violence. These censorship tactics are a direct threat to media freedom. Although the UK Government intended to tackle online abuse of journalists in the Online Safety Act 2023, provisions fit for that purpo
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se never materialised. This paper reveals why that was the case and what can be done about it. It finds that there is ongoing tension in the press industry about press regulation, with implications for journalist safety; that the Government carved out special privileges for the press’ online content but did not similarly protect journalist digital safety; that journalist safety was largely ignored in Parliament; and that repeated Government disintegration and shifting policies stripped away provisions that could have been improved to better protect journalists. This paper concludes with suggestions for how journalist safety can be better protected in the OSA regime." (Abstract)
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"Die miniKIM-Studie 2023 liefert zum vierten Mal seit 2012 auf Basis der Einschätzungen der Haupterziehenden Daten zur Mediennutzung von Kindern zwischen zwei und fünf Jahren. Mehr als ein Drittel der Kleinkinder in Deutschland nutzt mindestens wöchentlich ein Tablet – vor allem, um sich darauf
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Fotos und Videos anzuschauen, Spiele zu spielen oder Kinder-Websites und -Apps zu nutzen. Jedes zehnte Kleinkind verfügte 2023 über ein Smartphone bzw. hatte freien Zugang dazu. Die höchste tägliche Nutzungsdauer verzeichnen die neu in die Befragung aufgenommenen Musikboxen und verdrängen damit Bücher auf den zweiten Platz." (Kurz und knapp, Seite 1)
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"Es bleibt festzuhalten: Durch die mediale Vernachlässigung des Globalen Südens kommen die Lebensumstände von etwa 85 % der Weltbevölkerung kaum in unseren Medien vor. Auch dann nicht, wenn dort Kriege, Hungersnöte oder Epidemien erhebliche Opferzahlen erzeugen. Dabei sind die betroffenen Länd
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er politisch und wirtschaftlich längst nicht mehr die einst buchstäblich (von den Kolonialländern) abgehängte »Dritte Welt«, sondern im Gegenteil heute vielfach potente Wirtschafts- und Militärmächte, die zunehmend in Opposition zum Westen (oder Norden) gehen. In der Berichterstattung taucht der Globale Süden jedoch erst auf, wenn Menschen oder Interessen des Globalen Nordens in irgendeiner Form direkt betroffen sind. Das ist zu spät. Vor 30 dem Hintergrund der menschlichen Dimensionen der vergessenen Krisen und Konflikte ist das erschreckend. Vor dem Hintergrund der globalen sicherheitspolitischen Dimensionen ist es zudem unklug und kurzsichtig. Aktuelle UN-Abstimmungen zeigen divergierende geopolitische Vorstellungen des Globalen Nordens und Südens und irritieren den Westen, der sich teilweise uninformiert über die sicherheitspolitischen Interessen des Globalen Südens zeigt. Eine quantitativ umfangreichere und vor allem konsequente Berichterstattung über die Länder des Globalen Südens wäre wichtig, um dortige politische Prozesse verstehen und ihnen adäquat begegnen zu können. Eine Vernachlässigung des Globalen Südens und ein Vakuum an politischem Interesse und Engagement kann dazu führen, dass andere, nicht- oder sogar antidemokratische Kräfte und Akteure diese Lücken nach ihren politischen Interessen und Vorstellungen füllen. Erst zu handeln, wenn Probleme den Westen, Europa oder Deutschland unmittelbar erreicht haben, ist zu spät. In einer sich zunehmend globalisierenden Welt kann es sich der Globale Norden nicht leisten, eine Mauer des medialen Desinteresses aufrecht zu erhalten und über die politischen Zustände und Entwicklungen im Globalen Süden uninformiert zu bleiben." (Zusammenfassung, Seite 19)
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"While research on the determinants of conspiracy beliefs has been growing, there is still limited attention given to the broader consequences of conspiracy theories. This study examines the effects of conspiratorial framing on outgroup evaluations in the context of societal crises. Using an experim
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ental design and a large representative sample of the German population, we exposed participants to conspiratorial framings of health, economic, and security crisis scenarios. The findings reveal that exposure to conspiratorial framing of crises leads to significantly more negative attitudes towards outgroups compared to control conditions. The impact is most pronounced in the security crisis treatment condition, particularly in war scenarios. Additionally, our study demonstrates the important role of political ideology, as individuals with left- as well as right-wing ideologies displayed more negative attitudes towards outgroups when exposed to conspiratorial framings of crises. These findings contribute to the literature by providing experimental evidence of the detrimental effects of conspiracy narratives on intergroup attitudes during crises." (Abstract)
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"This study contributes to research on digital inequalities in the context of artificial intelligence by examining user perceptions of deepfake technology. We focus on the stratification of deepfake knowledge and attitudes towards deepfakes as critical elements of technology access. Based on a surve
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y of 1,421 German internet users, we analyse the role of sociodemographic variables, digital skills, and personal innovativeness in predicting deepfake knowledge. We then examine the role of deepfake knowledge in users’ assessments of risks and potentials associated with the technology. Our results point to a generally low level of knowledge and a strong focus on risks in internet users’ perceptions of deepfakes. We find that age, gender and educational attainment predict knowledge about deepfakes. Digital skills, personal innovativeness, and social media use also positively relate to deepfake knowledge. This knowledge, in turn, is shown to play a role in users’ positive attitude towards the technology. While age plays only a minor role, female gender strongly relates to low knowledge and negative attitudes towards deepfakes. We thus find evidence of a sizeable gender divide in user access to the novel deepfake technology." (Abstract)
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"Does the news media exacerbate or reduce misinformation problems? Although some news media deliberately try to counter misinformation, it has been suggested that they might also inadvertently, and sometimes purposefully, amplify it. We conducted a two-wave panel survey in Brazil, India, and the UK
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(N=4732) to investigate the effect of news and digital platform use on awareness of and belief in COVID-19 misinformation over time (January to February 2022). We find little support for the idea that the news exacerbates misinformation problems. News use broadened people’s awareness of false claims but did not increase belief in false claims—in some cases, news use actually weakened false belief acquisition, depending on access mode (online or offline) and outlet type. In line with previous research, we also find that news use strengthens political knowledge gain over time, again depending on outlets used. The effect of digital platforms was inconsistent across countries, and in most cases not significant—though some, like Twitter, were associated with positive outcomes while others were associated with negative outcomes. Overall, our findings challenge the notion that news media, by reporting on false and misleading claims, ultimately leave the public more misinformed, and support the idea that news helps people become more informed and, in some cases, more resilient to misinformation." (Abstract)
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"Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs) such as Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube wield substantial influence over digital information flows using sophisticated algorithmic recommender systems (RS). As these systems curate personalized content, concerns have emerged about their propensity to amplify polar
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izing or inappropriate content, spread misinformation, and infringe on users’ privacy. To address these concerns, the European Union (EU) has recently introduced a new regulatory framework through the Digital Services Act (DSA). These proposed policies are designed to bolster user agency by offering contestability mechanisms against personalized RS. As their effectiveness ultimately requires individual users to take specific actions, this empirical study investigates users’ intention to contest personalized RS. The results of a pre-registered survey across six countries – Brazil, Germany, Japan, South Korea, the UK, and the USA –involving 6,217 respondents yield key insights: (1) Approximately 20% of users would opt out of using personalized RS, (2) the intention for algorithmic contestation is associated with individual characteristics such as users’ attitudes towards and awareness of personalized RS as well as their privacy concerns, (3) German respondents are particularly inclined to contest personalized RS. We conclude that amending Art. 38 of the DSA may contribute to leveraging its effectiveness in fostering accessible user contestation and algorithmic transparency." (Abstract)
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"The far right is increasingly relying on visual and less extreme online communication, for instance by using memes, to strategically mainstream their ideology. The use of humor in particular renders their communication more relatable to a mainstream audience. However, little is known about the actu
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al impacts of the different content characteristics they employ to become more appealing, in particular on less moderated platforms that function as safe online spaces for extremist ideology and contents. To fill this gap, we conducted a manual quantitative content analysis of 1,200 memes distributed within German-language far-right Telegram channels in 2020 and 2021, concentrating on humor and several content-related factors to analyze their impact on meme reach. The results demonstrate that memes with extreme far-right narratives and memes with humor received fewer views than others, but that memes with both far-right narratives and humor had a significantly increased reach. The findings highlight the mainstreaming potential of humor, particularly when used to mask extreme content that would otherwise be less appealing." (Abstract)
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"A crucial element of TikTok consumption is the act of sharing TikTok videos with others, such as friends. In this article, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork with young adult TikTok users based in the United Kingdom to investigate this practice. I show how people use TikTok’s “For You” page as
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a resource to facilitate social relationships at a distance and in settings of physical copresence. I highlight how TikTok clips are shared in a phatic manner to activate social relationships, for example, by communicating messages such as “thinking about you” or relating to others by referencing TikTok memes in conversations. Attending to sharing practices, I argue, provides a fruitful way to understand how selfidentities and interpersonal relationships are articulated in social media environments increasingly organized around the logic of personalization." (Abstract)
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"Despite the scientific significance of journalism practice, the gap between academic and applied fields persists. In this paper, based on our project on the digital security of journalists and their sources, we argue that practice-relevant research in the form of the action-innovation model benefit
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s both the academic and the applied realms. To this end, we provide hands-on practical training on the important topic of digital security, which remains under-researched and therefore requires an exploratory approach. A total of 23 training sessions were conducted for 230 participants representing various media outlets in Germany. The objective was to enhance awareness and skills regarding digital threats. This constituted the core of a mixed-methods approach, which included surveys, observation, and interviews. In evaluating the process and results, it was found that the combination of applied and scholarly elements enhanced the project in terms of access, commitment, contextualisation and depth. The data were analysed according to an adaptation of the socio-technological Newsafety concept. The findings revealed a general lack of competence in dealing with cyber threats and a severely lacking in-house communication. In general, to address and explore relevant and current issues like this, it is recommended to consider the practical value to research participants and to collaborate with practice-based trainers who can help bridge the gap and foster mutual understanding." (Abstract)
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