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Examining Violence against Journalists in Conflict Areas: Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan

Araz Ramazan Ahmad

Journal of Communication and Media Studies, volume 8, issue 2 (2023), pp. 49-64

"Due to the increasing number of journalists being killed, kidnapped, and imprisoned across the globe, the safety of journalists seems to be deteriorating. The level of violence against journalists varies over time and from area to area, even within the same country. This article analyzes the violen ... more

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Beyond the Humanitarian Savior Logics? UNHCR's Public Communication Strategies for the Syrian and Central African Crises

David Ongenaert, Stijn Joye, David Machin

International Communication Gazette, volume 85, issue 2 (2023), pp. 164-190

"Forcibly displaced people often face restrictive migration policies and stereotypical discourses. Therefore, this study analyzes UNHCR's public communication strategies towards the Syrian and Central African crises. Through a comparative-synchronic multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) of U ... more

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The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East

Joe F. Khalil, Gholam Khiabany, Tourya Guaaybess, Bilge Yesil (eds.)

New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell (2023), xvi, 550 pp.

"Rather than viewing the Middle East as a monolithic culture, this Handbook examines the diverse and multi-local characteristics of the region’s knowledge production, dynamic media, and rich cultures. It addresses a wide range of topics, including the evolving mainstream and alternative media, com ... more

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Vulnerable People and Digital Inclusion: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives

Panayiota Tsatsou (ed.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2022), xxvii, 346 pp.

"This edited collection explores the role of digital inclusion in the welfare and social inclusion of vulnerable people. With interdisciplinary contributors from six continents, working in diverse fields such as digital media studies, social computing, community informatics and cultural studies, the ... more

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Beyond Verification: Flesh Witnessing and the Significance of Embodiment in Conflict News

Lilie Chouliaraki, Omar Al-Ghazzi

Journalism, volume 23, issue 3 (2022), pp. 649-667

"While the field of Journalism Studies has already engaged in rich debates on how to rethink the truth conditions of user-generated content (UGC) in platform journalism, we argue that it has missed out on the ethico-political function of UGC as testimonials of lives-at-risk. If we wish to recognize ... more

Los medios digitales ante la crisis humanitaria: Haití, Honduras, Venezuela, Rusia-Ucrania y Siria

Ángel Torres Toukoumidis, Andrea De Santis, Diego Vintimilla León (coord.)

Quito: Abya-Yala;Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (2022), 158 pp.

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Cyber War and Cyber Peace: Digital Conflict in the Middle East

Eliza Campbell, Michael Sexton (eds.)

London: Tauris (2022), xii, 212 pp.

"[...] this is the first anthology to specifically investigate the history and state of cyber warfare in the Middle East. It gathers an array of technical practitioners, social science scholars, and legal experts to provide a panoramic overview and cross-sectional analysis covering four main areas: ... more

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Transitional Justice in Syria: Practical Solutions

Beirut: Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) (2022), 56 pp.

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Children and Media Worldwide in a Time of a Pandemic

Maya Götz, Dafna Lemish (eds.)

New York et al.: Peter Lang (2022), vi, 242 pp.

"This edited volume focuses on the lived experiences of children during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in the spring of 2020, their knowledge and emotional reactions, the adjustments they made in their everyday lives, and the strengths and skills they developed in response. A central theme ... more

UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Syria: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 5 pp.

"A decade after the beginning of the civil war, Syria remains among the most dangerous environments for journalists and media workers. Between 2011 and 2021, UNESCO’s Observatory recorded 113 killings of journalists. In its 2021 report, covering the years between 2011 and 2020, the Syrian Center f ... or Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) recorded 1,670 documented cases of media freedom violations committed by a variety of national and foreign actors. These include killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance and kidnapping, attacks on media headquarters, forced resignations, expulsions and deportations, as well as physical and verbal attacks. The Syrian media landscape is characterized by its polarization and sectarianism, which severely limits the Syrian population’s access to independent and reliable information. A multiplication of media outlets has been noted in recent years, but these are generally under heavy pressure to support the dominant faction in their area. As a result, Syrians are often exposed to highly partial media content, as well as to varying degrees of inflammatory hate speech. In zones controlled by the Syrian government, information is controlled by the State press agency, and media must obtain authorization from the Ministry of Information to operate. UNESCO’s response to these challenges has therefore been twofold: firstly, actions have focused on monitoring hate speech in Syrian media content in order to produce recommendations to counter it and thus prevent it from escalating conflict and hatred. Secondly, an action plan for the safety of Syrian journalists has been developed through multi-stakeholder consultations, which was completed by the development of a safety curriculum for Syrian journalism schools. UNESCO thus upscaled advocacy towards the prevention of hate speech in Syrian media through a monitoring project which started in 2017 and enabled the production of two monitoring studies in 2018 and 2020. In July 2019, the project brought together representatives of Syrian media at a meeting in Paris to discuss the outcomes of the first round of monitoring, which resulted in a consensus to put an end to this phenomenon and identify steps to curb it." (Page 2) more

Deadly Disinformation: How Online Conspiracies About Syria Cause Real-World Harm

Syria Campaign;Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD);Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2022), 27 pp.

"Since Syrians took to the streets more than 11 years ago demanding freedom from decades of dictatorship, the Syrian regime has used violence and disinformation as tools to silence those who dare to oppose it, especially those brave enough to expose the war crimes being committed. Civilians, doctors ... more

Mediatized Arab Diasporas: Understanding the Role of Transnational Media in Diasporic Political Action Formation

Sarah Anne Rennick, Ehab Galal, Thomas Fibiger, Zenia Yonus, Mostafa Shehata

Arab Reform Initiative (2022), 21 pp.

"[…] The studies presented here […] seek to explore two questions: how have Arab diasporic communities in Europe used Arab media in transnational political action formation since 2011? And how does the use of different media platforms stimulate or confine particular diasporic action, and what do ... more

The Digital Worlds of Displacement-Affected Communities: A Cross-Context Study of How People Affected by Displacement Use Mobile Phones
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GSMA;UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) (2022), 76 pp.

"Through in-depth qualitative research and a survey to confirm and quantify findings, this study aims to provide a more holistic understanding of how displacement-affected communities in three humanitarian settings are using their mobile phones. These settings were chosen to provide a variety of per ... more

Promoting Newsafety from the Exile: The Emergence of New Journalistic Roles in Diaspora Journalists’ Networks

Porlezza, Colin, Rana Arafat

Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 9 (2022), pp. 1867-1889

"Diaspora journalists and digital media play an important role as stakeholders for war-ridden homeland media landscapes such as Syria. This study analyzes, from a safety in practice perspective, the physical and digital threats that challenge the work of Syrian citizen journalists examining the role ... more

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Fixing Stories: Local Newsmaking and International Media in Turkey and Syria

Noah Amir Arjomand

Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press (2022), xv, 355 pp.

"News 'fixers' are translators and guides who assist foreign journalists. Sometimes key contributors to bold, original reporting and other times key facilitators of homogeneity and groupthink in the news media, they play the difficult but powerful role of broker between worlds, shaping the creation ... more

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Investigative Journalism

Hugo de Burgh, Paul Lashmar (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge, 3rd ed. (2021), xvi, 299 pp.

"This 3rd edition maps the new world of Investigative Journalism, where technology and globalisation have connected and energized journalists, whistle-blowers and the latest players, with far-reaching consequences in politics and business worldwide. In this new edition, expert contributors demonstra ... more

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Syria Audience Research Study

Alex Fisher, Maureen Taylor

Free Press Unlimited (2021), 29 pp.

"Syrians greatly desire news that is free from political partisanship and interference; are reflective and capable of making conscious and informed decisions; are resourceful, reflective and desire the full picture of news and events; value variety in terms of sources, and are therefore often drawn ... more

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Routledge Handbook on Arab Media
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Noureddine Miladi, Noha Mellor (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), 528 pp.

"This Handbook provides the first comprehensive reference book in English about the development of mass and social media in all Arab countries. Capturing the historical as well as current developments in the media scene, this collection maps the role of media in social and political movements. Contr ... more

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