"1. Women’s access to mobile internet continues to increase across low- and middle-income countries, while mobile ownership remains relatively flat: 83 per cent of women own a mobile phone and 58 per cent use mobile internet. Women are also more likely than men to access the internet exclusively o
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n a mobile handset in most of the countries surveyed, which highlights the importance of both increasing mobile access for women, as well as reducing the mobile gender gap. 2. The gender gap in mobile internet use continues to reduce, with women in low- and middle-income countries 15 per cent less likely to use it than men. This reduction has been driven primarily by South Asia where it decreased significantly from 50 per cent in 2019 to 36 per cent in 2020. For the first time, the gender gap in mobile internet use in South Asia is now on par with Sub-Saharan Africa, where the gender gap remains largely unchanged. Across low- and middle- income countries there are still 234 million fewer women than men accessing mobile internet. 3. While the overall gender gap in mobile ownership remains largely unchanged since 2017, the gender gap in smartphone ownership has reduced for the first time since then, driven by South Asia where these gaps have consistently been widest. Across low- and middleincome countries, women are now seven per cent less likely to own a mobile phone, which translates into 143 million fewer women mobile owners than men. Women are also 15 per cent less likely to own a smartphone than men, down from 20 per cent in 2019." (Key findings, page 7)
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"This report provides an overview of trends and developments in ICT infrastructure, access and use in Africa, which includes 44 member states and is home to a population of 1.04 billion people. The report highlights changes in ICT adoption since the last World Telecommunication Development Conferenc
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e in 2017 (WTDC-17) and during the COVID-19 pandemic, tracks the evolution of regulation, and reviews progress and challenges in implementing the ITU regional initiatives for Africa. Its objective is to serve as a reference for the ITU membership in reviewing progress and identifying ICT development priorities in Africa." (Abstract)
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"We structured the report by beginning with an overview of the digital environment in the Philippines in 2020 before delving into the impact of technology on human rights: the key events, challenges and accomplishments, then a forecast of 2021 and 2022. These are divided into the following key thema
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tic areas: Internet Access; Gender and Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs); Privacy and Data Protection; Freedom of Expression. This report is based on the Foundation for Media Alternatives’ (FMA) monitoring of situations where technology impacted human rights in the country. It covers the months of January to December 2020, and the analysis and scoping is conducted using secondary resources such as news articles, press releases and reports." (About this report, page 2)
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"The internet brought new opportunities for Pakistan to develop into a progressive society and a more democratic country, and it opened doors for more forms of criminal activity (like fraud, child pornography, etc.), more intimidation and the spreading extremism, and more information gathering on ci
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tizens by business and state agents. It will be highly important to Pakistan to more actively and more successfully develop the positive sides of IT technology, internet services, and the social media, while at the same time check its excesses, problems and abuses. FES Pakistan is delighted to present the report “Internet Landscape 2020” It is providing an excellent overview of internet usage, and on its dangers and opportunities. We hope, the report will facilitate a broad discussion about the use and further development of the internet in Pakistan, to fully tun it into another means for Pakistan to utilize its full potential and develop into a more progressive, citizen-oriented country." (Preface, page 4)
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"El análisis de la información parece confirmar de manera contundente la existencia de concentración en Internet en Argentina, en manos de pocas empresas en cada una de sus categorías: 1. Acceso a Internet fija: El Grupo Clarín concentra casi la mitad del mercado de acceso a servicios de Intern
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et fijo (46%). Un índice CR2 contando a sus empresas y Telefónica ya mostraría un elevado nivel de concentración del 61%. El CR4 se encuentra en torno al 80% incluyendo a los grupos Telecentro y Supercanal. 2. Acceso Internet móvil: Tres empresas concentran casi el 100% del mercado de acceso a servicios móviles. Este mercado se organiza en torno de tres grandes operadores: Claro (América Móvil), Movistar (Telefónica) y Personal (Telecom, del Grupo Clarín), que se reparten en aproximadamente tres partes: 36,8% para la mexicana Claro, 33,9% para Personal/Clarín y el 29,4% para la española Movistar [...]" (Conclusiones)
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"El análisis de la información disponible para identificar si existe concentración en Internet en manos de pocas empresas en Chile muestra evidencias contundentes que pueden resumirse de la siguiente manera: 1. Acceso a Internet fija: Cuatro empresas concentran el acceso a servicios de Internet f
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ijo en 85,8% (CR4), si se suma la participación de Movistar, VTR, Claro y GTD. Pero sólo dos de estas empresas (CR2) acumulan el 64,7% de los contratos (Movistar y VTR). 2. Acceso Internet móvil: Cuatro empresas concentran el 97,3% del mercado de acceso a servicios de Internet móvil en Chile (Entel, Movistar, Claro y Wom) [...]" (Conclusiones)
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"El análisis de la información disponible sobre ocho indicadores de concentración en Internet en Colombia muestra que en casi todas ellas unas pocas empresas tienen una posición dominante en el mercado o servicio relevado: 1. Acceso a Internet fija: Las cuatro empresas de telecomunicaciones más
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importantes acumulan un 82% del mercado de acceso a Internet fija en Colombia. Los operadores son Claro (América Móvil), UNE Tigo (Millicom y EPM), Movistar (Telefónica) y ETB. 2. Acceso Internet móvil: Los cuatro primeros operadores acumulan el 96% del total (CR4). Estas empresas son Claro (América Móvil), Movistar (Telefónica), UNE Tigo (Millicom y EPM) y Avantel [...]" (Conclusiones)
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"Governments are missing out on hundreds of billions of dollars because of the digital gender gap. Closing this gap in the next five years gives policy makers a $524 billion USD opportunity. Across the world, millions of people are still unable to access the internet and participate online — and w
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omen are disproportionately excluded. Men are 21% more likely to be online than women globally, rising to 52% in Least Developed Countries. Various barriers prevent women and girls from accessing the internet and participating online, including unaffordable devices and data tariffs, inequalities in education and digital skills, social norms that discourage women and girls from being online, and fears around privacy, safety, and security. While digital exclusion limits the opportunities for those women and girls unable to connect, it also has broader societal and economic impacts that affect everyone." (Executive summary)
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"The primary payment method for mobile internet usage in most developing countries is prepaid, with the amount tied to a specific volume of data usage. Data volume is therefore a useful yardstick to determine how much is needed to carry out important welfare enhancing activities online. For foundati
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onal online activities, which include websites for public services, health information, shopping, learning, and news, we estimate using data from six developing countries that 660MB per month, per user are needed for these welfare-enhancing activities. For common recreational online activities – particularly social media use – we estimate that an additional 5.2GB per month, per user is needed, for a total of approximately 6GB per month, per user. While the cheapest 30-day data packages in most of the countries examined exceed this minimum estimate, the cost of these packages exceeds more than 2% of income for the bottom 40% of the population, which risks widening the digital divide. The COVID-19 pandemic has further increased the demand for data by triggering widespread use of video conferencing for work, learning and health among others. This increased demand, along with the continuous development of more data-heavy content, will continue to inflate the minimum data needed for welfare enhancing activities, which may further exacerbate the digital divide if more affordable packages or other alternatives mechanisms for facilitating connectivity are not provided for the most vulnerable populations." (Key findings)
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"Over half a billion people who are living in areas with a mobile broadband network are not using mobile internet, despite substantial increases in mobile broadband coverage since 2014. Significant gender and rural-urban gaps persist. Women are 37% less likely to use mobile internet than men. Signif
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icant gains have been made in both 3G and 4G coverage since 2014, yet in 2020 only half the population had access to a 4G network. Affordability has improved substantially but remains a key barrier, especially handset affordability. Smartphone adoption is increasing but smartphones still account for less than half of total connections." (Pages 1-3)
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"El 66,8% de la población de 6 y más años de edad del país accede a Internet. Respecto a similar trimestre de 2020, se observa un aumento de 6,5 puntos porcentuales al pasar de 60,3% a 66,8%. Por área de residencia, en Lima Metropolitana la población usuaria de Internet significó el 80,9%, en
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el Resto urbano el 71,0% y en el Área rural el 34,4%. Internet es utilizado más por hombres que mujeres: El 69,2% de hombres hacen uso de Internet, mientras que el 64,4% de las mujeres accede a este servicio, existiendo una brecha de género de 4,8 puntos porcentuales a favor de los hombres. Población joven y adolescente accede más a Internet: El 89,6%, 80,5% y 79,2% de la población de 19 a 24 años, de 25 a 40 años y de 12 a 18 años de edad, respectivamente, son los mayores usuarios de Internet. Entre los niños de 6 a 11 años acceden el 51,9%. En la población de 60 y más años de edad solo usa Internet el 28,1%." (Página 10)
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"El análisis de la información disponible sobre ocho indicadores de concentración en Internet en Perú muestra que en casi todas ellas unas pocas empresas tienen una posición dominante en el mercado o servicio relevado." (Conclusiones, página 17)
"En este texto nos preguntamos, en concreto, por los efectos de la desigualdad económica en el acceso a las tecnologías digitales, en especial a Internet y, por ende, a los derechos que se ejercen a través suyo. También nos preguntamos por la caracterización jurídica del acceso a Internet, tan
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to en el plano internacional de los derechos humanos como en el plano local del derecho constitucional, y por la relación que pueda existir entre esta caracterización jurídica y su potencialidad para reducir las desigualdades. En el contexto de la sociedad de la información, el estudio de la desigualdad económica nos conduce a precisar las diferencias en función de las condiciones del acceso efectivo a las tecnologías digitales, en concreto a Internet, su gran e indiscutible protagonista. El acceso a Internet visto y entendido como el medio para acceder a bienes y servicios, para el ejercicio de los derechos humanos, para la realización de actividades significativas, para aumentar la productividad y —en general— para concretar las promesas del desarrollo y de la participación efectiva en el progreso científico y sus beneficios. Este texto busca realizar una aproximación teórica al problema de las desigualdades en el acceso a Internet desde dos miradas. Por un lado, desde la idea de la brecha digital y, por otro, desde la búsqueda de la (mejor) caracterización jurídica del acceso a Internet, que pueda, en tal contexto, servir de herramienta en la toma de decisiones orientadas a la reducción de las desigualdades y al cierre de la brecha digital." (Introducción, página 25-26)
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"This report is the eighth edition of the Affordability Report. Released annually by the Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI), the report summarises the state of internet affordability around the world and of the policies and regulations that affect it [...] The latest update of the Affordability
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Drivers Index (ADI) indicates that, overall, conditions continue to improve towards greater affordability. However, progress remains slow – too slow. Governments have not taken the required actions to accelerate internet access worldwide in a way that would help attain the Sustainable Development Goals, grow the economy, and help people realise their potential. Universal Service & Access Funds (USAFs) could act as catalysts for action to drive down the price of internet access, expand coverage to the millions that remain unconnected, and build the inclusive foundation for a robust digital economy." (Executive summary, page 4)
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"Section 1 focuses on creating an enabling environment. Mobile network operators (MNOs) operate in a regulated environment.5 However, if this environment is not sufficiently enabling to support disaster preparedness, response and recovery, MNOs will encounter challenges when disaster strikes. This s
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ection provides a broad overview of a country’s mobile landscape by helping practitioners to appraise the policy, legal and regulatory environment and identify key areas for policy intervention.
Section 2 focuses on data sharing. Here, practitioners can take a closer look at the data ecosystem by examining not only the policy and regulations that exist on paper, but also what it takes to implement data infrastructure and policies for using and protecting data across the humanitarian ecosystem. These include institutional mandates, technological options, human capabilities, incentives and enforcement mechanisms. Understanding how infrastructure systems, processes, people and policies support humanitarian innovation in practical ways is key.
Section 3 provides an analysis of use cases in mobile-enabled emergency telecommunications. These use cases help to capture the lived experiences of those in the humanitarian ecosystem and guide policy reviews in support of government priorities, use cases and humanitarian interventions." (About this guide, page 5)
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"This book investigates the ways in which the mobile telephone has transformed societies around the world, bringing both opportunities and challenges. At a time when knowledge and truth are increasingly contested, the book asks how mobile technology has changed the ways in which people create, disse
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minate, and access knowledge. Worldwide, mobile internet access has surpassed desktop access, and it is estimated that by 2022 there will be an excess of 6 billion mobile phone users in the world. This widespread proliferation raises all sorts of questions around who creates knowledge, how is that knowledge shared and proliferated, and what are the structural political, economic, and legal conditions in which knowledge is accessed. The practices and power dynamics around mobile technologies are location specific. They look different depending on whether one chooses to highlight the legal, social, political, or economic context. Bringing together scholars, journalists, activists and practitioners from around the world, this book embraces this complexity, providing a multifaceted picture that acknowledges the tensions and contradictions surrounding accessing knowledge through mobile technologies. With case studies from Hong Kong, South Korea, India, Syria, Egypt, Botswana, Brazil, and the US, this book provides an important account of the changing nature of our access to knowledge, and is key reading for students, researchers, activists and policy makers with an interest in technology and access to knowledge, communication, social transformation, and global development." (Publisher description)
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"Ce guide a pour but d'aider à identifier les lacunes, les opportunités et les faiblesses du système afin de guider la définition d’une stratégie nationale plus cohérente et de positionner la téléphonie mobile comme appui aux activités de préparation, de réponse et de relèvement en cas
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de catastrophe. Une évaluation complète des besoins et des capacités d'un pays, de ses agences et de ses politiques est indispensable pour améliorer les stratégies et les plans de télécommunications d'urgence existants, ainsi que pour intégrer les aspirations d’un PNTU basé sur la téléphonie mobile dans un plan national global de réponse aux catastrophes ou de développement national." (Conclusion, page 13)
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"Specifically, the review focuses on the means, barriers, and associated cybersecurity and privacy concerns that refugees face around connectivity. This includes but is not limited to mobile connectivity and social media, particularly in displacement contexts. While these subjects may at times inter
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sect with parallel conversations on digital identity or biometrics, the latter are not the focus of this chapter. UNHCR provides support and international protection to forcibly displaced persons, including refugees, returnees, stateless people, the internally displaced and asylum-seekers. This report will reference ‘refugees’ and this can be read broadly to encompass refugees and other persons of concern, unless explicity stated otherwise. This literature review is divided into different sub-themes. An annex also provides a brief overview of who are the main actors writing about connectivity in humanitarian contexts, and with what angles and / or interests." (Introduction)
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