"In November 2023, DW Akademie brought together journalists, civil society organizations, digital rights experts, and media influencers for a consultation workshop in Kampala, Uganda. In the two-day event, hosted by Media Challenge Initiative (MCI), the diverse group collaboratively developed recomm
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endations on how to promote constructive public dialogue on social media, in Uganda. In this publication, you will find these developed recommendations aimed at social media platforms, private actors, and governments (Part 1), and media organizations, journalists, tech and innovation hubs, civil society organizations, and media development organizations (Part 2).
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"Social media platforms have become crucial channels for radical right populist leaders to broadcast anti-immigrant views. These politicians employ various rhetorical appeals, such as pathos (emotional language), logos (logical arguments), and ethos (speaker credibility), to sway public opinion. Thi
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s study considers the anti-immigrant rhetoric of prominent European populist radical right leaders across X, Instagram, and Facebook, analysing the prevalence of these rhetorical strategies across different platforms. From the perspective of mediatization theory, politicians can adjust their messages to fit with the design and formats of various social media platforms. Party leaders often resort to emotional appeals on X, with its limited space for communication, as well as on Facebook, where emotional interaction buttons and discussion features can encourage emotional rhetoric as well. Logical appeals (logos) are common on platforms such as Facebook and X, which offer options to easily share information in the form of texts and links. Additionally, ethos, associated with speaker’s credibility, is common in posts on platforms that facilitate closer engagement with the party leaders’ constituents, such as Facebook and Instagram. These findings underscore the importance of considering platform design when shaping political communication strategies." (Abstract)
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"This study examines how digital disinformation occurs through the creation and sustenance of figures or cultural tropes. It focuses primarily on the figure of the ecommittees, a phenomenon that refers to online fake accounts mobilized by various political actors to tarnish their opponents and propa
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gate their own ideologies online. Based on a frame analysis of Egyptian news articles published between 2011 and 2021, we trace the emergence of this figure in the wake of the 25th of January revolution, its development over time, and its impact on (dis)information. We illus trate how the framing of ecommittees contributes to an atmosphere of chaos and confusion about the digital realm, and how such framing tactics can be understood as a practice of digital authoritarianism. The study proposes a novel theoretical and methodological approach to studying disinformation from a cultural studies perspective that is centered around the role of every day media messages." (Abstract)
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"Overall digital growth has slowed over recent years, but this is to be expected as internet users reach “supermajority” status. However, while almost two thirds of the world’s total population is now online, 2.7 billion people remain “unconnected” at the start of 2024, and adoption rates
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across Sub-Saharan Africa remain well below 50 percent. But user growth isn’t the only indicator of digital progress, and our extensive collection of behavioural data also reveals important findings. In particular, it’s interesting to see that the amount of time that people spend online has increased again this year, following the declines that we reported in 2023. It’s a different story for TV though, with the latest data suggesting that global viewing times have been declining steadily over recent months. We’re also seeing some intriguing changes in the world’s social media behaviours. TikTok continues its rapid ascent, with the platform’s reach and average time per user seeing impressive gains over the past year. Meanwhile, Instagram has overtaken WhatsApp to become the world’s “favourite” social platform, and Facebook continues to grow, in stark contrast to click-bait
headlines. The top platforms aren’t the only ones enjoying strong growth though, and our newly expanded social media dataset reveals some valuable insights into LinkedIn, Snapchat, Weibo, Kuaishou, and Discord. Similarly, an exploration of the use of hashtags across platforms reveals some fascinating insights into the interests and motivations of the world’s social media users." (Page 3)
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"We inquire into different perspectives and patterns of problematizing online hate speech within the social sciences from a systems-theoretical perspective. Our results identify five different research perspectives adopted by studies on the issue: (1) systematic perspectives on problems of operation
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alizing (online) hate speech; (2) intentionalist perspectives on actors and their motives; (3) consequentialist perspectives on victims of online hate speech; (4) perspectives on media affordances, infrastructures, and strategies of online hate speech; and finally, (5) normative perspectives on the consequences of online hate speech. Additionally, we want to propose a functionalist perspective on hate communication and, for this purpose, develop a systems-theoretical and media-sociological framework for analyzing online hate speech. A systems-theoretical perspective connects to a process-oriented paradigm of doing hate speech. Instead of asking what hate speech is, a systems-theoretical framework focuses on how different communicative contextures empirically produce different understandings of hate communication. We will make four research proposals: We will (1) conceptualize hate as hate communication, then proceed to (2) analyze different communicative contextures, (3) develop media archeology of negation and conflict communication, and finally (4) focus on the function of conflict and hate communication for the emergence of (counter-)publics." (Abstract)
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"Today, social networks are the most popular and widely used applications among smartphone users all around the world. Three years ago, the Telegram messaging app was the most widely used social messaging app in Iran due to its technical features and user-friendliness. Despite its popularity, Telegr
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am caused controversial debates among policymakers and public opinion. To discover the nature of these conflicts, two main discourses were identified through qualitative data analysis based on Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory. Proponents of Minaret discourse consider the Telegram as a threat to national security, thus they have tried to provide favorable condition to limit using it, and develop alternative domestic apps. In contrast, Cylinder discourse supports using the Telegram app to fulfill citizens’ digital rights and their rights of privacy and freedom of expression. This discursive conflict among policymakers, along with users’ resistance, resulted in some failures in the adoption of foreign apps (e.g., Telegram). Despite the extensive technical, financial, and moral supports to popularize domestic apps, users still prefer foreign apps such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram. The analysis of emergent discourses demonstrates the origins of contestations and provides insights into how to adopt social messaging apps." (Abstract)
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"The authors argue that scholarship on social media has been limited by an over-reliance on single country studies that focus on one platform at a time, without considering the ties between platforms and other media. To overcome these limitations, the authors propose that social media are better und
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erstood by comparing processes of development and use across nations, media, and platforms"-
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"Comprising 41 chapters by a team of international contributors, the companion is divided into three parts: histories; approaches; thematic considerations. The chapters offer wide-ranging explorations of how forms of mediation influence communication, social relationships, cultural practices, partic
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ipation, and social change, as well as production and access to information and knowledge. This volume considers new developments, and highlights the ways in which anthropology can contribute to the study of the human condition and the social processes in which media are entangled." (Publisher description)
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"[This book] guides the reader in what different kinds of qualitative research can be applied to social media data. It introduces students, as well as those who are new to the field, to developing and carrying out concrete research projects. The book takes the reader through the stages of choosing d
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ata, formulating a research question, and choosing and applying method(s). Written in a clear and accessible manner with current social media examples throughout, the book provides a step-by-step overview of a range of qualitative methods. These are presented in clear ways to show how to analyze many different types of social media content, including language and visual content such as memes, gifs, photographs and film clips. Methods examined include critical discourse analysis, content analysis, multimodal analysis, ethnography and focus groups. Most importantly, the chapters and examples show how to ask the kinds of questions that are relevant for us at this present point in our societies, where social media is highly integrated into how we live. Social media is used for political communication, social activism, as well as commercial activities and mundane everyday things, and it can transform how all these are accomplished and even what they mean. Drawing on examples from Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, Reddit, Weibo and others, this book will be suitable for undergraduate students studying social media research courses in media and communications, as well as other humanities such as linguistics and social science based degrees." (Abstract)
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"Joan Kristin Bleicher beleuchtet umfassend zentrale Aspekte der Medialität des Internets. Im Fokus stehen dabei nicht nur Rahmenbedingungen und die historische Entwicklung. Es werden auch Angebotsschwerpunkte, theoretische Fragen, Ästhetik, Nutzungs- und Wirkungspotenziale des Internets sowie Reg
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ulierungstendenzen thematisiert. Das Buch hat einführenden Charakter und richtet sich an Studierende der Medien-, Kultur- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Es eignet sich auch für Interessierte anderer Fachrichtungen, die sich über dieses Schlüsselmedium unserer Zeit informieren möchten." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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"We sought to better understand Russia's disinformation on social media and generate recommendations to better meet and counter this evolving threat. We relied on an analysis of Russian military literature, investigative efforts, official reports, academic and policy literature, media reporting, and
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expert interviews. We also conducted a case study in Ukraine, interviewing a variety of key experts in the Ukrainian government and in the nongovernmental sector who are involved in confronting Russian information warfare." (Summary)
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"The media situation in Belarus has never been easy. With Aliaksandr Lukashenka being elected president of the country for the first time in 1994, the necessary reforms to provide media freedom have never materialised. Instead, over the years various laws have lessened the rights of independent jour
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nalists and imposed limits on both traditional and electronic media. Following the August 2020 presidential election, which ignited a brutal crackdown against the democratic opposition, the situation has worsened. Harassment, a hijacking, and politically motivated jail terms, both short and long, intimidate Belarusians who want to exchange ideas, report wrongdoing or fight for freedom of expression and freedom for the country. In January 2022, the Belarusian Association of Journalists confirmed the presence of at least 32 journalists in Belarusian jails. On the positive side, new electronic media cannot be banned effectively and absolutely. While the regime slowly expands its presence on the internet, Belarusians trust independent media more and use it more eagerly. However, society’s distancing of itself from traditional state-controlled media is increasingly met with an angry reaction from the state apparatus, which in turn further tightens related laws. The European Union, and the European Parliament in particular, actively support independent media and civil society in Belarus, and the Council of the EU and the Parliament both address the challenges to media freedom in the country. Financial help is also provided to Belarus and was even increased at the end of 2021, with priority areas of support including ‘systematically repressed’ independent media." (Summary)
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"Platforms have power. But this power is not unchecked. Governments have an important role to play in protecting their citizens' rights vis-à-vis third parties and ensuring a communication order in which rights are not violated. (And in addition, of course, they need to respect human rights themsel
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ves and not arbitrarily shut down sites or use their power to make the Internet less free and open). As leader of working group 2 it is my distinct privilege to present this collection which unites studies by researchers within the Global Digital Human Rights Networks on issues connected to the overarching question of how platforms deal with human rights and their human rights obligations. This study is a key deliverable of our working group in the second year of the Global Digital Human Rights Network's activities. We will follow-up with Guidelines for platforms and an Assessment Model for states and other stakeholders in 2024. We developed this study under Corona conditions but were able to meet in the Tyrolean Alps in Obergurgl, Austria, in July 2022 to finalize this study." (Preface, page 7)
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"Wie sozial sind Soziale Medien? Es gibt mindestens zwei asoziale Dimensionen im jetzigen Regime der Sozialen Medien: Sie sind sozial vor allem für die Betreiber und ihre Eigentümer. Der in Deutschland geltende Verfassungsgrundsatz der "informationellen Selbstbestimmung" wird für Nutzer und Nutze
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rinnen de facto außer Kraft gesetzt: In den Vereinbarungen, die wir "freiwillig" mit den Plattformen durch ein paar lästige Klicks schließen, verzichten wir meist, ohne näher hinzusehen, auf vieles, was uns an Rechten zustünde. Das Geschäft mit unseren sozialen Beziehungen und Daten ist auch in Deutschland bisher wenig wirksam reguliert, angesichts ihrer weltweiten Macht steht die politische Einhegung der Konzerne noch am Anfang. Ohne öffentliche Debatten, organisierten Druck und unsere eigene massenhafte Beteiligung daran wird die Politik hier eher schwach bleiben." (Editorial, Seite 3)
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"This article conducts a qualitative content analysis of content on Twitter concerning the conflict in the Jammu and Kashmir region. The tweets following the death of a popular militant, Burhan Wani, cover three different themes: (1) criticism of intellectuals; (2) Burhan Wani’s impact on the conf
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lict; and (3) tweets referring to the conflict itself. Generally, people use Twitter to make their own point of view clear to others and discredit the opposing party; at the same time, tweets reflect the antagonism between the two parties to the conflict, India and Pakistan. The sample of tweets reflects the lack of awareness among people in the region regarding the motivations of the new generation of militancy emerging in Kashmir after 1990." (Abstract)
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"This report sets out data on the extent of publisher adoption alongside motivations for joining TikTok; pulls together top tips from TikTok creators and discuss the metrics most commonly used to evaluate success; explores different strategies for engaging users on the platform, highlighting case st
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udies from early pioneers as well as independent news creators and activists; and looks at future opportunities for monetisation and ways in which publishers would like TikTok to better support reliable and trusted news sources." (Introduction and Key Findings, page 4)
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"Beinahe täglich posten oder liken wir etwas auf Twitter, Facebook oder Instagram. Als Orte direkter Kommunikation und Interaktion sind die Sozialen Medien längst zu Plattformen für die Verhandlung und Verbreitung kultureller Ausdrucksformen unseres Alltags geworden. Doch bei näherer Betrachtung
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entziehen sich die komplexen Prozesse medial vermittelter Interaktionen und Artikulationen von Akteur*innen, die gemeinsam kulturelle Bildungsräume und -prozesse im Rahmen informeller, digitaler Alltagspraktiken realisieren, dem einfachen Zugriff. Ausgehend von der Interdependenz von Technik, Aisthesis und Artikulation entfalten die Beiträger*innen des Bandes aus unterschiedlichen disziplinären Perspektiven den Versuch eines (Auf-)Lesens von Spuren kultureller Bildungs- und Transformationsprozesse in Sozialen Medien." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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"El Kul is seen as an impartial, timely, relevant and trusted source of information in Libya: the vast majority of the survey respondents (over 90%) agreed or strongly agreed that El Kul is informative and provides balanced and trustworthy content. There was a 7% increase in the proportion of respon
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dents who strongly agreed with each of these statements between March 2020 and March 2021.
• El Kul helps to promote social cohesion and acceptance of diversity: 93% agreed or strongly agreed that El Kul represents Libyan society in its diversity, and 45% could recall examples of El Kul content demonstrating Libyans taking actions that contribute towards peace and reconciliation. They mentioned for instance recalling content showing individuals taking part in reconciliation or peace initiatives at the local/ community level or doing acts of solidarity between different regions or groups. Participants also reported that El Kul content prompted interest in understanding more about different ethnic groups and regions in Libya.
• El Kul supports women’s empowerment: Participants said that El Kul publishes useful content on women’s rights, issues and experiences. They said this made them think differently about the role of women in society and the violence and discrimination they experience. Two-fifths (42%) of survey respondents reported speaking in support of women’s empowerment/equality, and 26% of these said that they were strongly encouraged to do so by El Kul." (Key findings)
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