"With regards to how Colombian journalists reportedly viewed their professional purpose/role, they found it was most important to report news accurately, to provide analysis of current affairs, to promote tolerance and cultural diversity, to promote social change, and lastly, to educate the audience
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(Table 1). The standard deviations for each of these roles revealed that there was indisputable consensus on the perception of the relevance that these functions have within journalistic work. Still, it was found that most journalists in Colombia valued letting people express their opinions, telling stories about the world, monitoring political leaders, and supporting national development. Furthermore, they valued influencing public opinion, providing people the information they need to make political decisions, and monitoring the business world. Lastly, journalists advocated for providing entertainment and news that capture a wider audience, setting the political agenda, motivating people to participate in political activities, and providing advice for daily life. It also was found that the classic roles of impartial observers and government adversaries or watchdogs currently hold little importance for Colombian journalists. The same goes for the traditional roles of loyalists or functionalists related to promoting government policies and conveying a positive image of political leaders. The standard deviations showed divided opinions on the relevance of these roles in journalism. For some journalists, these classic and loyalist roles are not important in their work, while there are others who believe that these roles are crucial for their reporting." (Journalistic roles, pages 1-2)
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"With regards to professional role orientations, Bulgarian journalists found it most important to report things as they are, to educate the audience, to provide analysis of current affairs, to be a detached observer, and to let people express their views (see Table 1). It is notable that a very high
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percentage of Bulgarian journalists also believed that supporting national development was extremely or very important for them. However, national development was not understood in the sense of supporting government policy or indeed conveying a positive image of political leadership. Other politically assertive roles such as influencing public opinion and advocating for social change were also supported by the majority of Bulgarian journalists but only a minority supported roles such as setting the political agenda and being an adversary of the government. Similarly, monitoring and scrutinizing political leaders and business was of significant importance to roughly half of all Bulgarian journalists. A majority of journalists in Bulgaria also found it important to promote tolerance and cultural diversity, to tell stories about the world, and to provide information people need to make political decisions. A minority reported that it was important to provide entertainment and relaxation, and to provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life." (Journalistic roles, page 2)
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"Indonesia is undergoing a process of rapid change, with an affluent middle class due to hit 141 million people by 2020. While official statistics suggest that internet penetration is low, over 70 million Indonesians have a Facebook account, the fourth highest group in the world. Jakarta is the Twit
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ter capital of the world with more tweets per minute than any other city around the globe. In the past ten years digitalisation of media content has enabled extensive concentration and conglomeration of the industry, and media owners are wealthier and more politically powerful than ever before. Digital media is a prominent place of contestation between large, powerful oligarchs, and citizens looking to bring about rapid and meaningful change. This book examines how the political agencies of both oligarchs and ‘netizens’ are enhanced by digitalisation, and how an increasingly divergent society is being formed. In doing so, this book enters this debate about the transformations of society and power in the digital age." (Publisher description)
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"The main points regarding the freedom of expression decrease in Ukraine include: the restriction of access to information channels (Russian books, TV channels, films, social networks, mail servers, etc.); persecution, in particular the detention and imprisonment of citizens expressing separatist vi
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ews in social networks; a mass prohibition on Russian journalists entering Ukraine, and those who were on temporarily uncontrolled territory (Crimea and Donbas). This is especially true for those who arrived in the area from the Russian Federation. In addition to this, so-called “patriotic” or loyalty-journalism became active as some journalists believe that in terms of war it is more important to participate in the information war against the enemy than just to be non-biased. Here also belong the calls not to criticize the authorities during war period, and the prolonged understatement of crimes committed by individual fighters of volunteer battalions. This led to a rapid fall of trust to Ukrainian media. According to the Institute of Sociology, the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, in 2016, only 21% of Ukrainian citizens trusted domestic media, while 51% did not. However, Ukrainian journalists should clearly understand their social role. In general, Niclas Louman is right, saying that we know about the world is taken from media. But if the media give a biased image, the audience will stop trusting. This is so, if a person is looking behind the window, and observes a different situation from that one previously watched or read. The audience is not helpless. It is possible to cheat on people once or twice but after all they will not believe this source of information anymore. This is a real tragedy for media as they lose the sense of existing. Thus, the goal of media as the information source is not just to report all recent news to the target audience, but also to ensure that the virtual picture of the world corresponds to the real one." (Editor's note, page 6)
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"O presente artigo apresenta os principais resultados do projeto de pesquisa “Mídia Cidadã e Desenvolvimento Sustentável: mapeamento e análise de rádios comunitárias em áreas de pressão socioambiental na Amazônia”, que busca entender a dimensão e o papel potencial das rádios comunitá
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rias nos embates discursivos pelo desenvolvimento da região amazônica. O objeto da investigação são rádios comunitárias situadas em áreas de potencial conflito socioambiental na Amazônia Legal, o que inclui disputas por território ou pelo uso de recursos naturais, considerando-se grandes obras de impacto, mas também Unidades de Conservação e Terras Indígenas nos nove estados da região. Como produto central do projeto foi gerada uma cartografia digital sobre comunicação cidadã e desenvolvimento sustentável na região, na perspectiva de gerar insumos para o fortalecimento da comunicação comunitária como espaço de contra-hegemonia midiática e consequente empoderamento de grupos locais nas decisões que afetem seu bem-estar." (Resumo)
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"The top six roles, all with means above 4.3 and standard deviations below 1, for Tanzanian journalists, were a mix of those aligned with a liberal press (e.g. promote tolerance and cultural diversity) and those relevant to development journalism (e.g. support national development). “Provide the k
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ind of news that attracts the largest audience” (mean=4.58) and “Promote tolerance and cultural diversity” (mean=4.56) were the top two roles for these journalists (see Table 1) with 97.8 percent and 98.5 percent of the journalists respectively saying that they considered these roles “extremely” or “very” important. As the low standard deviations indicate, the journalists showed high agreement on the importance of these roles. The least important roles, both with means well below the midpoint of three, were “Be an adversary of government” (mean=1.98) and “Support government policy” (mean=1.99)." (Journalistic roles, page 1)
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"Political parties do not exist in Iran. In this situation the media, particularly the newspapers, have assumed a central role in the political life of the country." (Publisher description)
"In 2016, television broadcasts were watched by 80 percent of the population, Slovak citizens did watch more programmes in their non-mother tongue than in other EU countries." (https://medialandscapes.org)
"With regards to professional role orientations, journalists in El Salvador found it most important to report things as they are, to monitor and scrutinize political leaders, to educate the audience, and to let people express their views. The relevance of these roles was fairly undisputed among the
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interviewed journalists as the relatively low standard deviations indicate.
Still, a majority of journalists in El Salvador found it important to support national development, to promote tolerance and cultural diversity, to advocate for social change, to provide information people need to make political decisions, to influence public opinion, and to set the political agenda. Political roles like supporting government policy, conveying a positive image of political leadership, and acting as an adversary of the government were supported by only a minority of respondents." (Journalistic roles, pages 1-2)
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"With regards to professional role orientations, journalists in the UAE found it most important to educate the audience, to influence public opinion, to promote tolerance and cultural diversity, to tell stories about the world, and to support government policy. Still, more than two out of five respo
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ndents found it important to convey a positive image of political leadership, to provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience, to report things as they are, to support national development, to provide analysis of current affairs, to be an adversary of the government, to provide information people need to make political decisions, to let people express their views, and to provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life. Other roles were supported by only a minority of respondents. Following traits belong to these roles: monitoring and scrutinizing political leaders, setting the political agenda, monitoring and scrutinizing business, motivating people to participate in political activity, being a detached observer, advocating for social change, as well as providing entertainment and relaxation." (Journalistic roles, pages 1-2)
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"With regards to professional role orientations, Hungarian journalists found it most important to report things as they are, to be a detached observer, and to provide analysis of current affairs (see Table 1). The relevance of these “classic” roles was fairly undisputed among the interviewed jou
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rnalists as the relatively low standard deviations indicate. Still, a majority of journalists in Hungary found it important to promote tolerance and cultural diversity, to tell stories about the world, to educate the audience, to provide entertainment and relaxation, to provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience, to provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life, to let people express their views, and to support national development. Political roles, on the other hand, were supported by only a minority of respondents. Following traits belong to these roles: motivating people to participate in political activity, setting the political agenda, acting as adversary of the government, supporting government policy, and conveying a positive image of political leadership." (Journalistic roles, page 2)
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"The research documents how, despite immense ongoing challenges, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Nepal and Pakistan, some important advances have been made to develop joint structures and innovative approaches to defend the practice of journalism. It examines the long road Colombia has followed in the establi
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shment of its protection programme, and looks at what organisations and bodies working on the ground in Indonesia and the Philippines struggle against, and what they have achieved using the resources available to them." (Back cover)
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"Regarding professional role orientations, journalists in Oman found it most important to be detached observers, to advocate for social change, to support national development, to provide analysis of current affairs, to provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience, to influence public
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opinion, to provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life, to report things as they are, and to let people express their views. About half of the respondents found it is important for journalists to monitor and scrutinize business, to provide entertainment and relaxation, and to provide information people need to make political decisions. On the other hand, less than half of the journalists asserted that journalists should support government policy, set the political agenda, motivate people to participate in political activity, convey a positive image of political leadership, monitor and scrutinize political leaders, and finally, be adversaries of the government." (Journalistic roles, pages 1-2)
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