"This guide begins with gender at its centre, analysing the systemic oppression resulting from the social construction of what it means to be ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’. Yet, for ARTICLE 19, a gender approach is intrinsically an intersectional one. Gender is part of the various systems of social oppression under the umbrella of intersectionality (see Figure 1), which consider people who identify as women, men, and non-binary. As ARTICLE 19’s experience and practice have shown, individuals also face multiple, overlapping discriminations on the basis of race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, sex characteristics, gender identity/expression, and religious beliefs, among others. An intersectional analysis should therefore be adopted to understand how other social categories influence, and thus exacerbate, violations of journalists’ and social communicators’ right to freedom of expression. To reflect this, these guidelines will refer to an intersectional gender approach. An intersectional gender approach starts with the fact that differences between the roles of women and men – in terms of their relative position in society and the distribution of resources, opportunities, constraints, and power in a given context – cannot be analysed in a separate silo. Instead, such differences must be placed within a systemic framework of intersectional inequalities (see Figure 1), overlapping gender discrimination with other forms of discrimination ... These guidelines are about the safety and protection of journalists and social communicators, which can be addressed by monitoring and documenting the attacks they face, building their capacity to protect themselves, and raising awareness nationally and internationally on the issue. While many of the recommendations in these guidelines could also apply to human rights defenders (HRDs), they were built from the experience and expertise of ARTICLE 19 staff concerning journalists and social communicators." (p.7)