"Media Accountability in Syria is more a question of re-defining the role of media in society than working on transparency practices or establishing self-regulation. This is due to strong state control and the mobilisation role mass media has been playing in Syria for decades. Before opening its med
...
ia market for private publications in 2001 Syrian media was controlled either by the state or the ruling Baath party. Media accountability institutions like press councils or ombudspersons were simply not necessary in this concept of media and therefore do not exist. The only professional organisation, the Syrian Journalists Syndicate, did not act as a representative of independent journalists but as a representative of the regime. Additionally, as all journalists and media outlets had to work for more or less the same purpose, norms for guiding individual or organisational decisions – such as a code of ethics – were superfluous.
Although these conditions still persist in major parts of the media field, news websites have particularly contributed to a shift in society’s perception of the role of media by paving the way for media accountability practices in the field of responsiveness. Even though instruments for responsiveness might be part of an economic strategy of news websites to enter and survive the news media field, news websites have introduced an audience oriented journalism approach by providing collaborative story writing or possibilities for the audience to comment on news. This is a fundamental change in role perception as mobilising media was merely meant to serve the Baath elite and its ideas. Thus, the audience as a neglected actor of accountability seems to have entered the field.
In addition, news websites have added new topics to the traditional news agenda by taking the audience into account, and thus have contributed to holding the media accountable for aspects the old media does not cover. Thus, at least in some cases, media has played the role of being a watchdog over political decisions, which role media has never previously adopted. have particularly contributed to a shift in society’s perception of the role of media by paving the way for media accountability practices in the field of responsiveness. Even though instruments for responsiveness might be part of an economic strategy of news websites to enter and survive the news media field, news websites have introduced an audience oriented journalism approach by providing collaborative story writing or possibilities for the audience to comment on news. This is a fundamental change in role perception as mobilising media was merely meant to serve the Baath elite and its ideas. Thus, the audience as a neglected actor of accountability seems to have entered the field." (Summary)
more
"Lebanon’s media has been envied for its press freedom and high quality by many Arabs from the region for decades. After 15 years of civil war the media had quickly started to flourish again. Yet, internal and external observers have been concerned about the close links between the media and polit
...
ical and religious groups that have led to highly politicized journalism. There is no professional organisation that could unify journalists from the various fractions and set in force binding rules like a code of ethics. A media council does not exist, journalists unions are not involved in media accountability practices and a state’s ombudsman has never been instituted. Yet, internal accountability practices are relatively well developed. As political affiliation of media outlets is openly handled (e.g. staff is mainly recruited from each media’s particular political group, party emblems are published prominently, mission statements and ownership information are partly available), Lebanese normally know how to interpret the news. Accountability practices that were already in evidence in offline media have been adopted by the majority of websites, such as by-lines, precise references in stories and letters-to-the-editor." (Abstract)
more
"Holding the news media accountable has traditionally been a task of the state in Jordan. Media laws and regulations are numerous and do not leave too much space for self-regulatory practices on a national basis. The Jordan Press Association (JPA) is the core of so-called established media accountab
...
ility institutions. It conducted a law-like code of ethics in 2003 and runs ombuds committees (currently three) dealing with mishaps of the media to prevent journalists from legal liability. Though being a professional body, many journalists perceive the JPA as an extended arm of the government. Until 2010 the association was not prepared to deal with private broadcasting and online journalists in the same way as it does with press and state owned media journalists. Most media outlets in Jordan are characterised by a lack of accountability awareness and practices especially when it comes to actor and production transparency. Only recently have some news organisations (mainly net-native) become aware of their duty to be accountable towards their audiences. New comers to the field of online news, in particular, have experimented with citizens’ involvement and have established a high level of responsiveness in their newsrooms." (Summary)
more
"There is not much debate on the development of media accountability (MA) systems in Bulgaria and even less relate to online media. This is due to the early stage of introduction of self-regulatory mechanisms on the Internet as well as the users’ behavior since priority is still given to tradition
...
al media organizations. Research has proved that due to unclear legislative framework and the lack of effectiveness in the implementation of media regulation (ownership, media code of ethics, the Council for Electronic Media) many problems with regard to the performance of traditional MA institutions have been observed. Thus, many distinctions between theory and practice exist and a suitable level of media independence from political interference or pressure has yet to be achieved. Very few media organizations have introduced mechanisms supporting the level of actor transparency, including bylines, profiles of journalists, media blogs, published mission statements or information on media ownership. Furthermore, not every media outlet that signed the media code of ethics has published the document on its website. Social networks have been so far the most popular instruments fostering the transparency of media production, with the significant example of Facebook – the most popular online medium in Bulgaria in 2010. However, with the exception of practice related to online news comments, most of the mechanisms that could further improve the feedback activities of different audience groups and thus, the level of responsiveness, have been introduced by only a few media organizations." (Conclusions, page 19)
more
"This study provides an in-depth treatment of the global newspaper publishing market and its evolution, with a particular view on the development of online news and related challenges. It assesses online news consumption patterns and new online news value networks, compared with the traditional news
...
paper value chain. It shows that the economics of news production and distribution has been radically altered, in particular in the context of the economic crisis which has accelerated structural changes. After very profitable years, newspaper publishers in most OECD countries face declining advertising revenues and signficant reductions in titles and circulation. The economic crisis has amplified this downward development. However, the data and the large country-by-country differences, for instance, currently do not lend themselves to make the case for “the death of the newspaper”, in particular if non-OECD countries and potential positive effects of the economic recovery are taken into account. Importantly, the study shows that many promising forms of news creation and distribution are being experimented with, some of which are empowered by increasing technological sophistication and resulting decentralised forms of content creation and broad-based participation [...] More recently newspaper websites have seen strong growth in their own pages, with large newspapers reporting several million unique visitors to their pages per month, increasingly including readers from abroad, a radical shift from national patterns of established newspapers." (Summary, page 6)
more
"Diante da crescente variedade de blogs e da demanda por um método que permita categorizá-los respeitando suas diferenças, este trabalho propõe uma matriz de 16 gêneros de blogs. Com base nessa proposta, conduz-se uma avaliação estatística de 5.233 posts nos 50 blogs mais populares no Brasil
...
. Na amostra estudada, observou-se que os blogs profi ssional e organizacional refl exivos são aqueles que atraem o maior número de comentários." (Resumo, página 129)
more
"The process of ‘media convergence’ has far broader policy implications for ownership and audience access to diverse information. Dwyer critically analyses the political, economic, cultural, social, and technological factors that are shaping these changing media practices. There are examples of
...
media convergence in everyday life throughout, including IPTV, VoIP and Broadband networks. The impacts of major traditional media players moving into the online space is illustrated using case studies such as the acquisition of the social networking site MySpace by News Corporation, and copyright issues on Google’s YouTube." (Back cover)
more
"Asia’s Media Innovator’s Vol 2 is the offspring of the earlier book that appeared in 2008. This new volume consists of studies of innovations at media companies in the region. The success of these media companies shows the dynamism in the region, and reflects its potential for growth. Each chap
...
ter covers various forms of media, including online newspapers and broadcast outlets. Every couple of weeks a new chapter will be published online." (KAS website)
more
"Das durch die Digitalisierung mögliche Zusammenwachsen der Medien – z.B. von Fernsehen und Internet – hat ein wesentliches und entscheidendes Merkmal hervorgebracht: die Interaktivität. Mit neuen Medienformaten und Distributionskanälen wird interaktiver Medienkonsum möglich und bietet den K
...
onsumenten, den Anbietern und der Werbeindustrie viele neue Möglichkeiten. In einer vergleichenden Analyse werden diese Entwicklungen in Deutschland und Russland unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der sehr unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen diskutiert. In dem Buch sind die wichtigsten Beiträge von zwei wissenschaftlichen Kongressen in Moskau zusammengetragen worden. Die Analyse umfasst zwei Teilbereiche: Im ersten Teil werden die länderspezifischen Erkenntnisse über die Digitalisierung und die Zukunft der Medien erörtert, während im zweiten Teil eine umfassende Bewertung der Auswirkungen der Krise für die Medienlandschaft folgt." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
more
"Zwar liegt der Durchschnitt der Internetanbindungen – auch aufgrund der damit verbundenen Kosten – in Afrika mit elf Prozent der Haushalte gegenwärtig immer noch weit unter dem globalen Mittel von 23 Prozent. Dennoch haben der Ausbau der Infrastruktur, unterschiedliche Regulierungsreformen und
...
kreative Geschäftsmodelle in den letzten Jahren zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Internetnutzung in den meisten Teilen Afrikas geführt. Vor allem durch die rasante Verbreitung von Mobilfunk und gemeinschaftlich genutzter Internetanschlüsse haben sich Nutzungsmodelle entwickelt, die immer mehr Menschen Zugang zum Internet bieten. Dementsprechend finden auch in Afrika sogenannte Web-2.0-Anwendungen zunehmend Verbreitung – für persönliche und kommerzielle, aber auch für politische Zwecke. Dazu gehören soziale Netzwerkdienste wie Facebook oder SMS-Dienste wie Twitter, in erster Linie aber Weblogs. Einen Überblick zum Stand der afrikanischen Blogger-Community bietet der Aggregator „Afrigator“, der im Juli 2009 über 10 500 afrikanische Blogs aufführte. Südafrika nimmt mit 62 Prozent (rund 6400) der Blogs den weitaus größten Anteil ein, es folgen Nigeria (1094 Blogs), Kenia (555 Blogs) und Ägypten (325 Blogs)." (Seite 109)
more
"Blogs are more or less controllable for those who want to keep them under surveillance. Governments that are most up to do date with new technology use the most sophisticated filtering or blocking techniques, preventing them from appearing on the Web at all. But bloggers don't just sit back and let
...
it happen. The essential question becomes how to blog in complete safety. With a normal IP address, a blogger can be tracked down and arrested. Anonymity allows them to keep their freedom.
In countries where censorship holds sway, blogs are sometimes the only source of news. During the events in Burma in the autumn of 2007, pitting monks and the people against the military junta, bloggers were the main source of news for foreign journalists. Their video footage made it possible to gauge the scale of the protests and what demonstrators' demands were. For more than two months, marches were held in the streets, then a massive crackdown was launched against opponents that only the Burmese were able to show, so hard did it become for the few foreign journalists who managed to enter the country to get back out with their footage. And bloggers could not get the footage out without getting round online censorship imposed by the government. This handbook seeks to help every blogger to fill in the "black holes" In news. The second part is devoted to techniques which can thwart filtering technology." (Page 4-5)
more
"This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Internet on media and mediated content industries. It explores and discusses the changes this emergent communications platform is engendering for the media and content industries and the implications of those changes. Its contents are d
...
rawn from the findings of a five-year EU sponsored research initiative, the 'Cost A20 Programme on the Impact of the Internet on the Mass Media'. Its authors include Europe's leading scholars in the field. The book's standpoint is simultaneously multi-lens, interdisciplinary, and cross-national. By approaching a common topic and single industry from a number of different theoretical and geographical standpoints it provides rich and comprehensive insights and thus equips scholars, policymakers, media practitioners, and social observers with a strong explanatory and interpretive overview of how the Internet has affected the media. The chapters look at the impact of the Internet on technology, platforms and innovation, content, users, and media organisations' strategies, structures and business models." (Publisher description)
more
"We used computational social network mapping in combination with human and automated content analysis to analyze the Iranian blogosphere. In contrast to the conventional wisdom that Iranian bloggers are mainly young democrats critical of the regime, we found a wide range of opinions representing re
...
ligious conservative points of view as well as secular and reform-minded ones, and topics ranging from politics and human rights to poetry, religion, and pop culture. Our research indicates that the Persian blogosphere is indeed a large discussion space of approximately 60,000 routinely updated blogs featuring a rich and varied mix of bloggers. Social network analysis reveals the Iranian blogosphere to be dominated by four major network formations, or poles, with identifiable sub-clusters of bloggers within those poles. We label the poles as 1) Secular/Reformist, 2) Conservative/Religious, 3) Persian Poetry and Literature, and 4) Mixed Networks." (Abstract)
more