Freedom of Expression & Media
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
652
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
279
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
209
Freedom of Expression
182
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
147
Media Law & Regulation
141
Censorship
123
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
101
Media / Communication Control
95
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
70
Internet Shutdowns
66
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
64
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
63
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
60
Media Concentration
60
Media Ownership
60
Communication Rights
55
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
46
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
45
Media & Communication Policies
43
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
41
Self-Censorship
41
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
38
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
38
Journalism
34
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
33
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
33
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
30
Freedom of Expression Principles
29
Democracy / Democratization and Media
29
Human Rights Violations
27
Defamation Law & Regulation
26
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
26
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
25
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
25
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
24
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
23
Defamation of Religion (Blasphemy)
23
Politics and Media
23
Female Journalists & Media Workers
22
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
22
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
21
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
20
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
20
State Influence on the Media
19
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
19
Political Economy of Media
19
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
18
War Reporting
17
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
16
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
16
Human Rights Protection
16
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
15
Government Communication Strategies
15
Human Rights
15
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
14
Social Media
14
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
14
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
14
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
14
Democracy
14
Digital Rights
13
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
13
Political Transition and Media
13
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
12
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
12
Watchdog Role of the Media
12
Access to Media & Information
11
Media Use, Media Consumption
11
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
11
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
11
Foreign Correspondents
11
Media Law & Regulation: Muslim Countries
11
Public Media, State Media
11
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
10
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
10
Facebook
10
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
10
Journalists
10
Election Reporting
10
Press
10
Community Radios
9
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
9
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
9
Defamation, Libel, Slander
9
Investigative Journalism
9
Local Journalism
9
Press Landscapes
9
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
9
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
8
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
8
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
8
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
8
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
8
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
8
Associations & Networks of Journalists
8
Media Assistance
8
Propaganda
8
Government Advertising, State Advertising
7
Internet
7
Media Markets
7
Television Markets
7
Self-Regulation of Media
7
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
7
European Union (EU)
7
United Nations (UN)
7
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
7
Religious Freedom
7
Political Communication
7
Radio
7
Taliban
7
Communication & Media Indicators
7
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
6
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
6
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
6
OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
6
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
6
Crime & Violence Reporting
6
Algorithms & Big Data
6
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
6
Political Blogging
6
Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
6
Press Markets
6
Radio Markets
6
Countering Defamation & Harassment
6
Journalism Ethics
6
History of Media & Communication
6
UNESCO
6
Newspapers
6
Public Service Broadcasting
6
Islam and Communication
6
Civil Society
6
COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
6
Television
6
Advertising Markets & Industries
5
Advocacy
5
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
5
United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
5
Alternative Communication & Media
5
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
5
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
5
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
5
Twitter & Microblogs
5
Ethics in Media & Communication
5
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
5
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
5
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
5
COVID-19 Communication
5
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
5
Exiled Journalists
5
Local Communication & Media
5
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
5
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
4
Editorial Independence
4
Intellectual Property
4
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
4
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
4
Digital Inclusion
4
Uyghurs, Uighurs
4
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
4
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
4
Good Practice Examples
4
History of Media: 19th Century
4
History of Media: 20th Century
4
History of the Press
4
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
4
Journalism Education & Training
4
Journalistic Quality
4
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
4
Political Reporting
4
Media Development Indicators
4
Media, Mass Media
4
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
4
Judiciary & Penal System
4
Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
4
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
4
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Election Campaigns
3
Political Cartoons & Comics
3
Community Media
3
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
3
Literature
3
Development and Media
3
Digital Communication, Digital Media
3
Convergence of Media
3
Cybercrimes
3
Google
3
Social Media in Political Communication
3
Weibo (Microblogging Website, China)
3
YouTube
3
Artificial Intelligence
3
ICT Industries & Markets
3
Information Society
3
Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
3
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
3
Economics of Media
3
Media Industries
3
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
3
Neoliberalism
3
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
3
Defamation: Effects on Victims
3
Feminism & Communication
3
Nazism
3
International Communication
3
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
3
Foreign Policies
3
Council of Europe
3
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
3
Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
3
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
3
Business & Economics Journalism
3
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
3
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
3
European Union: Media Assistance
3
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
3
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
3
Television Landscapes
3
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
3
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
3
Radio Law & Regulation
3
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
3
Media Companies, Media Corporations, Media Enterprises
3
Populism
3
Democratization
3
Police
3
Election Campaigns: Social Media
3
Public Opinion
3
Public Spheres
3
Manipulation
3
Religion and Communication
3
Islamist Communications & Media
3
Violence
3
Corruption & Combating Corruption
3
SMS
3
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
3
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
2
Advertising
2
Advertising Agencies
2
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
2
Advocacy Campaigns
2
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
2
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
2
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
2
Audiences & Users
2
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
2
Book Markets & Industries
2
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
2
Christian Communication
2
Film Markets
2
Encryption, Cryptology
2
Facial Recognition, Biometric Surveillance
2
Secret Services, Intelligence Services
2
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
2
Media Assistance: Community Radios
2
Terrorism
2
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
2
Cyberwarfare, Cyber Operations: Attacking Enemy Computers, Software, and Control Systems
2
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
2
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
2
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
2
Data Governance, Data Justice, Data Sovereignty
2
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
2
Digital Media Landscapes
2
Hackers & Hacking
2
WeChat (Messaging, Social Media & Mobile Payment App, China)
2
Digital Market Concentration
2
Blogging, Blogs
2
Telegram
2
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
2
Diaspora Media
2
Humanitarian Law
2
Economy
2
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
2
Press Councils
2
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
2
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
2
Emergency Medical Aid
2
Colonial Legacies
2
History of Journalism
2
Globalisation of Media
2
Satellite Television
2
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
2
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
2
Information Policies
2
Media & Information Literacy
2
Radio Landscapes
2
Arbitrary Detentions
2
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
2
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
2
Licensing of Media
2
Media Regulation Practices
2
National Security Legislation
2
Nationalisation of Media
2
Press Law & Regulation
2
Regulatory Bodies
2
Media Management
2
Financing Public Service Media
2
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
2
Diasporas
2
Politics
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
2
Military
2
Political Persecution
2
Security
2
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
2
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
2
Radio Progreso (El Progreso, Honduras)
2
Media Effects
2
Research in Media & Communication
2
Freedom of the Press Index (Freedom House)
2
Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
2
Disappeared People, Missing People
2
Rohingya
2
Networks & Networking
2
Social Change
2
Open Source Software
2
Mobile Phone Apps
2
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
2
Theories of Communication & Media
2
Non-Western Communication Approaches
2
Flow of Information
1
Local Advertising & Local Advertising Markets
1
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
1
Advocacy & Political Films
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Area & Regional Studies
1
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
1
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
1
Media & ICT Use in Authoritarian Regimes / Dictatorships
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Media Use: Urban Populations
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Authoritarian Discourse
1
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
1
Books
1
Book Policies (National & International)
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Campaigning
1
Campaigning: Experiences
1
Digital Media Campaigns
1
Public Awareness Campaigns
1
Catholic Church
1
Catholic Media
1
Catholic Radios
1
Children and Media
1
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
1
Pentecostal Churches & Communication
1
Sects
1
Liberation Theologies
1
Film Trade, Film Export & Import
1
Film Festivals
1
Hollywood
1
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
1
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
1
History of Press Freedom & Censorship
1
Right to be Forgotten
1
Crisis Communication
1
Foreign Government Communication Interventions
1
Local Government Communication Strategies
1
Public Relations
1
Community Communication
1
Community Television
1
Participatory Communication
1
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
1
Genocides
1
Perpetrators
1
Civil Wars
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
1
Enemy Images
1
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
1
Human Security Reporting
1
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
1
Jamming
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
1
Media Criticism
1
Media Quality
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Rumours & Rumour Management
1
Musicals & Operas
1
Cultural Policies
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Cultural Studies
1
Culture (General)
1
Fans, Fandom, Fan Cultures
1
Authors, Writers
1
Literature: Social Criticism
1
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
1
Small-Scale Funds
1
World Bank
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
Information For All Programme (IFAP/UNESCO)
1
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
1
Millenium Development Goals (MDG)
1
Funding Criteria & Priorities
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Visual Aids for Development
1
Digital Criticism
1
Digital Research Methods
1
Indigenous Digital & Social Media Communication
1
Internet and Politics
1
Online Communication
1
Online Dating
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Religion in Social Media
1
TikTok
1
Instagram
1
VK (Russian Social Network)
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Gender and ICTs / Internet
1
ICT Development Assistance
1
ICT Regulation
1
Disadvantaged Groups & Communication, Minorities & Media
1
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
1
Minorities
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
1
Minorities & Disadavantaged Groups: Oppression
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Minority Journalists
1
Minority Rights
1
Prisoners & Communication / Media
1
Racism
1
Racism in Communication & Media
1
Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
1
Religious Minorities & Media
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
1
Famines: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Documenting Human Rights Violations
1
Digital Economies & Markets
1
Media Clusters
1
Press Distribution
1
Printing Industries
1
Media Market Transparency
1
Music Markets
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Outsourcing
1
Public Goods, Commons
1
Curricula: School Education
1
Education (General)
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Training
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Television Dramas
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Media Assistance: Environmental Communication
1
Sustainable Development
1
Editorial Guidelines
1
Journalistic (In)Dependence
1
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
1
Media Assistance: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
Self-Assessment, Self-Evaluation
1
Female Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers
1
Feminist Media
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Decolonial & Non-Western Approaches
1
Gatekeepers
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History of Media: Colonial Period
1
History of Radio
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
1
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
China: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Foreign News, International News
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
International Media Associations / Organizations
1
International Press Institute (IPI)
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
Communication Rights in the Information Society (CRIS)
1
World Information and Communication Order
1
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
1
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
1
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
1
Transnational Television, International Television
1
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
1
International Organizations
1
OSCE
1
Journalists' Associations & Networks: International Cooperation & Assistance
1
Journalism Sources
1
Journalistic Practices & Routines
1
Journalistic Skills
1
Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
1
Stringers & Fixers (Journalism)
1
News
1
Television News
1
News Agencies
1
Photojournalism
1
Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Sexual Abuse Reporting, Sexual Violence Reporting
1
Television Journalism
1
Kiswahili
1
Language and Media
1
Linguistic Diversity
1
Minority Languages
1
Rhetorics, Public Speaking, Speeches
1
Translations & Translating
1
Local Governance & Accountability: Role of Media
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Good Practice Examples
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
International Media Support (IMS) (Media Development NGO, Denmark)
1
Media Assistance: Journalists' Associations, Media Associations
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Communication
1
Communication & Information Needs
1
Communication Processes
1
Information
1
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
1
Stereotypes in Media & Communication
1
Television Policies
1
Media Literacy: Youth
1
Socialist Media Systems
1
Civil Rights
1
Media Governance
1
Personal Identification (ID) Systems
1
Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
1
Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
1
Television Law & Regulation
1
Transitional Justice
1
Change & Process Management
1
Corporate Social Responsibility
1
Broadcasting Companies
1
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
1
PRISA (Spain)
1
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
1
Folk Songs
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Accountability & Transparency
1
Governance
1
Government Policies
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
Internal Politics
1
Political Change
1
Capitalism
1
Communism, Marxism
1
Fascism
1
Totalitarianism
1
Political Oppression
1
Political Resistance
1
Political Systems
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Public Interest
1
Parliaments
1
State of Emergency
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Politics
1
Political Role & Influence of Radio, Radio & Democratization
1
Public Opinion Manipulation
1
El Comercio (Newspaper, Peru)
1
Mirror (Newspaper, Zimbabwe)
1
Project Design, Project Planning
1
Public & State Television
1
Mega FM (Radio Station, Gulu, Uganda)
1
Radio Ndeke Luka (Central African Republic)
1
Influence of Foreign Media on National Politics
1
Oppression
1
Ideologies
1
Social Integration: Role of Media
1
Buddhism
1
Confucianism
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
1
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
1
Judaism and Communication
1
Religion and State
1
Religious Discrimination, Persecution of / Violence Against Religious Groups
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Political Indicators
1
Interviewing (Journalistic Genre)
1
Sciences, Natural Sciences
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Assassination
1
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
1
Society
1
Apartheid
1
Revolutions
1
Social Justice
1
Social Classes
1
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
1
Digital Television
1
Data Protection (Computer Software)
1
Satellite Communication Technologies
1
Software Security
1
Telecommunications
1
Mobile & Wireless Communications Technologies
1
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
Commercial Television
1
Television Channels
1
Al-Jazeera
1
RCTV Radio Caracas Television (Television Channel, Venezuela)
1
Rede Globo (Television Network, Brazil)
1
User-Generated Contents
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type

Iranians on #SocialMedia

Washington, DC: Atlantic Council (2022), 40 pp.
"This report explores the social media habits of Iranian netizens and how the Islamic Republic is repressing the online space." (Publisher description)

Azerbaijan: Analysis of the Law on Media

Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) (2022), iv, 27 pp.
"This analysis of the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan “On Media” (Media Law) by the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) seeks to enrich and deepen the criticisms and analyses already made of the Law, based on international human rights standards, in particular the right to freedom of expression ... more

Venezuela: Calculated Repression. Correlation Between Stigmatization and Politically Motivated Arbitrary Detentions

Amnesty International;Foro Penal;Centro para los Defensores y la Justicia (CDJ) (2022), 54 pp.
"In 2011, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders defined stigmatization as the characterization of human rights defenders as “terrorists”, “enemies of the State” or “political opponents” by state authorities and state media and its use to delegitimize their work, ... more
"Quality media are indispensable. People must be able to form opinions competently. They must also be free to express their views. At the same time, there must be limits to slander, fake-news propaganda and the spreading of conspiracy theories. The internet is proving to be ambivalent. On the one ha ... more
"As press freedom continues a downward trend across the globe against a backdrop of rapidly changing landscape for the safety of journalists, the 10th anniversary of the UN Plan provided an opportunity to take stock of its key achievements during this first decade of implementation, as well as to id ... more
"Täglich gibt es Berichte darüber, wie private Betreiber sozialer Medien sich problematischen Vorgaben autoritärer Herrscher beugen. Ob in Thailand, Kasachstan oder Russland, immer wieder werden als Teil von Content Moderation (CM) gezielt Inhalte entfernt oder Konten gelöscht, weil Regierungen ... more

Free Speech: The Crumbling Infrastructure. SKF Annual Report 2021

Beirut: Samir Kassir Foundation (2022), 34 pp.
"After nearly 20 years of international investment and successful efforts to build a diverse media landscape and strengthen journalism standards, the Afghan media sector has fundamentally changed for the worse since the Taliban (also referred herein to as the de facto authorities) takeover on 15 Aug ... more
"Over the past five years, approximately 85 percent of the world’s population experienced a decline in press freedom in their country. Even in countries with long traditions of safeguarding free and independent journalism, financial and technological transformations have forced news outlets, espec ... more

Inclusive Journalism

Media Diversity Institute (2022), 88 pp.
"Using examples of the existing media coverage of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, disability, geography, social and marital status, this handbook offers a set of educational tools that can be used in a classroom to develop sensitivity to diversity, to increase s ... more

Media Environment in Belarus

European Parliamentary Research Service (2022), 10 pp.
"The media situation in Belarus has never been easy. With Aliaksandr Lukashenka being elected president of the country for the first time in 1994, the necessary reforms to provide media freedom have never materialised. Instead, over the years various laws have lessened the rights of independent jour ... more
"This briefing document provides an overview of key developments in digital authoritarianism in 11 countries and explains the theoretical framework and methodology behind The Unfreedom Monitor project. The document also provides a basis for expanding this research to other countries to deepen our un ... more

Lights Out: Is This the End for Hong Kong's Media?

Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2022), 11 pp.
"The transformation of Hong Kong is “unstoppable,” as one official has said. And journalists should not expect any special privileges. Journalists, including foreign journalists, are welcome. But they must stick to reporting basic facts, not align with what Beijing called the “anti-China force ... more
"In 2021, ARTICLE 19 set out to make sometimes invisible practices more visible, building on our existing programmes on the safety of women journalists worldwide. We undertook original research globally and specifically in six countries, three in Asia (Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) and three in ... more
"This report specifically looks at the situation of local actors who, while they are impacted by the circulation of harmful content on social media or the moderation thereof, often find themselves unable to take effective action to improve their situation in that respect." (Introduction)
"This research has shown that in the midst of the complex and diverse cultural context of Indonesia, growing use and misuse of social media in the country, and the complexity of ‘grey-area’ problematic content in the country, there has been a lack of meaningful and continuous dialogue between pl ... more
"This report explores the local-specific contextual concerns stemming from global, non-transparent, and profit-driven content moderation processes of social media. The report analyses what happens when certain local communities and countries are 'invisible' to social media platforms and illustrates ... more