Freedom of Expression & Media
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Topics
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
652
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
279
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
209
Freedom of Expression
182
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
147
Media Law & Regulation
141
Censorship
123
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
101
Media / Communication Control
95
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
70
Internet Shutdowns
66
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
64
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
63
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
60
Media Concentration
60
Media Ownership
60
Communication Rights
55
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
46
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
45
Media & Communication Policies
43
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
41
Self-Censorship
41
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
38
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
38
Journalism
34
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
33
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
33
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
30
Freedom of Expression Principles
29
Democracy / Democratization and Media
29
Human Rights Violations
27
Defamation Law & Regulation
26
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
26
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
25
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
25
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
24
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
23
Defamation of Religion (Blasphemy)
23
Politics and Media
23
Female Journalists & Media Workers
22
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
22
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
21
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
20
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
20
State Influence on the Media
19
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
19
Political Economy of Media
19
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
18
War Reporting
17
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
16
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
16
Human Rights Protection
16
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
15
Government Communication Strategies
15
Human Rights
15
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
14
Social Media
14
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
14
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
14
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
14
Democracy
14
Digital Rights
13
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
13
Political Transition and Media
13
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
12
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
12
Watchdog Role of the Media
12
Access to Media & Information
11
Media Use, Media Consumption
11
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
11
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
11
Foreign Correspondents
11
Media Law & Regulation: Muslim Countries
11
Public Media, State Media
11
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
10
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
10
Facebook
10
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
10
Journalists
10
Election Reporting
10
Press
10
Community Radios
9
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
9
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
9
Defamation, Libel, Slander
9
Investigative Journalism
9
Local Journalism
9
Press Landscapes
9
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
9
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
8
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
8
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
8
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
8
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
8
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
8
Associations & Networks of Journalists
8
Media Assistance
8
Propaganda
8
Government Advertising, State Advertising
7
Internet
7
Media Markets
7
Television Markets
7
Self-Regulation of Media
7
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
7
European Union (EU)
7
United Nations (UN)
7
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
7
Religious Freedom
7
Political Communication
7
Radio
7
Taliban
7
Communication & Media Indicators
7
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
6
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
6
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
6
OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
6
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
6
Crime & Violence Reporting
6
Algorithms & Big Data
6
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
6
Political Blogging
6
Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
6
Press Markets
6
Radio Markets
6
Countering Defamation & Harassment
6
Journalism Ethics
6
History of Media & Communication
6
UNESCO
6
Newspapers
6
Public Service Broadcasting
6
Islam and Communication
6
Civil Society
6
COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
6
Television
6
Advertising Markets & Industries
5
Advocacy
5
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
5
United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
5
Alternative Communication & Media
5
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
5
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
5
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
5
Twitter & Microblogs
5
Ethics in Media & Communication
5
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
5
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
5
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
5
COVID-19 Communication
5
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
5
Exiled Journalists
5
Local Communication & Media
5
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
5
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
4
Editorial Independence
4
Intellectual Property
4
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
4
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
4
Digital Inclusion
4
Uyghurs, Uighurs
4
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
4
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
4
Good Practice Examples
4
History of Media: 19th Century
4
History of Media: 20th Century
4
History of the Press
4
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
4
Journalism Education & Training
4
Journalistic Quality
4
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
4
Political Reporting
4
Media Development Indicators
4
Media, Mass Media
4
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
4
Judiciary & Penal System
4
Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
4
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
4
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Election Campaigns
3
Political Cartoons & Comics
3
Community Media
3
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
3
Literature
3
Development and Media
3
Digital Communication, Digital Media
3
Convergence of Media
3
Cybercrimes
3
Google
3
Social Media in Political Communication
3
Weibo (Microblogging Website, China)
3
YouTube
3
Artificial Intelligence
3
ICT Industries & Markets
3
Information Society
3
Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
3
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
3
Economics of Media
3
Media Industries
3
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
3
Neoliberalism
3
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
3
Defamation: Effects on Victims
3
Feminism & Communication
3
Nazism
3
International Communication
3
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
3
Foreign Policies
3
Council of Europe
3
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
3
Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
3
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
3
Business & Economics Journalism
3
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
3
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
3
European Union: Media Assistance
3
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
3
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
3
Television Landscapes
3
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
3
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
3
Radio Law & Regulation
3
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
3
Media Companies, Media Corporations, Media Enterprises
3
Populism
3
Democratization
3
Police
3
Election Campaigns: Social Media
3
Public Opinion
3
Public Spheres
3
Manipulation
3
Religion and Communication
3
Islamist Communications & Media
3
Violence
3
Corruption & Combating Corruption
3
SMS
3
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
3
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
2
Advertising
2
Advertising Agencies
2
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
2
Advocacy Campaigns
2
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
2
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
2
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
2
Audiences & Users
2
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
2
Book Markets & Industries
2
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
2
Christian Communication
2
Film Markets
2
Encryption, Cryptology
2
Facial Recognition, Biometric Surveillance
2
Secret Services, Intelligence Services
2
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
2
Media Assistance: Community Radios
2
Terrorism
2
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
2
Cyberwarfare, Cyber Operations: Attacking Enemy Computers, Software, and Control Systems
2
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
2
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
2
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
2
Data Governance, Data Justice, Data Sovereignty
2
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
2
Digital Media Landscapes
2
Hackers & Hacking
2
WeChat (Messaging, Social Media & Mobile Payment App, China)
2
Digital Market Concentration
2
Blogging, Blogs
2
Telegram
2
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
2
Diaspora Media
2
Humanitarian Law
2
Economy
2
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
2
Press Councils
2
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
2
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
2
Emergency Medical Aid
2
Colonial Legacies
2
History of Journalism
2
Globalisation of Media
2
Satellite Television
2
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
2
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
2
Information Policies
2
Media & Information Literacy
2
Radio Landscapes
2
Arbitrary Detentions
2
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
2
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
2
Licensing of Media
2
Media Regulation Practices
2
National Security Legislation
2
Nationalisation of Media
2
Press Law & Regulation
2
Regulatory Bodies
2
Media Management
2
Financing Public Service Media
2
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
2
Diasporas
2
Politics
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
2
Military
2
Political Persecution
2
Security
2
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
2
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
2
Radio Progreso (El Progreso, Honduras)
2
Media Effects
2
Research in Media & Communication
2
Freedom of the Press Index (Freedom House)
2
Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
2
Disappeared People, Missing People
2
Rohingya
2
Networks & Networking
2
Social Change
2
Open Source Software
2
Mobile Phone Apps
2
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
2
Theories of Communication & Media
2
Non-Western Communication Approaches
2
Flow of Information
1
Local Advertising & Local Advertising Markets
1
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
1
Advocacy & Political Films
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Area & Regional Studies
1
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
1
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
1
Media & ICT Use in Authoritarian Regimes / Dictatorships
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Media Use: Urban Populations
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Authoritarian Discourse
1
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
1
Books
1
Book Policies (National & International)
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Campaigning
1
Campaigning: Experiences
1
Digital Media Campaigns
1
Public Awareness Campaigns
1
Catholic Church
1
Catholic Media
1
Catholic Radios
1
Children and Media
1
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
1
Pentecostal Churches & Communication
1
Sects
1
Liberation Theologies
1
Film Trade, Film Export & Import
1
Film Festivals
1
Hollywood
1
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
1
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
1
History of Press Freedom & Censorship
1
Right to be Forgotten
1
Crisis Communication
1
Foreign Government Communication Interventions
1
Local Government Communication Strategies
1
Public Relations
1
Community Communication
1
Community Television
1
Participatory Communication
1
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
1
Genocides
1
Perpetrators
1
Civil Wars
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
1
Enemy Images
1
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
1
Human Security Reporting
1
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
1
Jamming
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
1
Media Criticism
1
Media Quality
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Rumours & Rumour Management
1
Musicals & Operas
1
Cultural Policies
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Cultural Studies
1
Culture (General)
1
Fans, Fandom, Fan Cultures
1
Authors, Writers
1
Literature: Social Criticism
1
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
1
Small-Scale Funds
1
World Bank
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
Information For All Programme (IFAP/UNESCO)
1
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
1
Millenium Development Goals (MDG)
1
Funding Criteria & Priorities
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Visual Aids for Development
1
Digital Criticism
1
Digital Research Methods
1
Indigenous Digital & Social Media Communication
1
Internet and Politics
1
Online Communication
1
Online Dating
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Religion in Social Media
1
TikTok
1
Instagram
1
VK (Russian Social Network)
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Gender and ICTs / Internet
1
ICT Development Assistance
1
ICT Regulation
1
Disadvantaged Groups & Communication, Minorities & Media
1
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
1
Minorities
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
1
Minorities & Disadavantaged Groups: Oppression
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Minority Journalists
1
Minority Rights
1
Prisoners & Communication / Media
1
Racism
1
Racism in Communication & Media
1
Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
1
Religious Minorities & Media
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
1
Famines: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Documenting Human Rights Violations
1
Digital Economies & Markets
1
Media Clusters
1
Press Distribution
1
Printing Industries
1
Media Market Transparency
1
Music Markets
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Outsourcing
1
Public Goods, Commons
1
Curricula: School Education
1
Education (General)
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Training
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Television Dramas
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Media Assistance: Environmental Communication
1
Sustainable Development
1
Editorial Guidelines
1
Journalistic (In)Dependence
1
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
1
Media Assistance: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
Self-Assessment, Self-Evaluation
1
Female Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers
1
Feminist Media
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Decolonial & Non-Western Approaches
1
Gatekeepers
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History of Media: Colonial Period
1
History of Radio
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
1
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
China: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Foreign News, International News
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
International Media Associations / Organizations
1
International Press Institute (IPI)
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
Communication Rights in the Information Society (CRIS)
1
World Information and Communication Order
1
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
1
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
1
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
1
Transnational Television, International Television
1
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
1
International Organizations
1
OSCE
1
Journalists' Associations & Networks: International Cooperation & Assistance
1
Journalism Sources
1
Journalistic Practices & Routines
1
Journalistic Skills
1
Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
1
Stringers & Fixers (Journalism)
1
News
1
Television News
1
News Agencies
1
Photojournalism
1
Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Sexual Abuse Reporting, Sexual Violence Reporting
1
Television Journalism
1
Kiswahili
1
Language and Media
1
Linguistic Diversity
1
Minority Languages
1
Rhetorics, Public Speaking, Speeches
1
Translations & Translating
1
Local Governance & Accountability: Role of Media
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Good Practice Examples
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
International Media Support (IMS) (Media Development NGO, Denmark)
1
Media Assistance: Journalists' Associations, Media Associations
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Communication
1
Communication & Information Needs
1
Communication Processes
1
Information
1
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
1
Stereotypes in Media & Communication
1
Television Policies
1
Media Literacy: Youth
1
Socialist Media Systems
1
Civil Rights
1
Media Governance
1
Personal Identification (ID) Systems
1
Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
1
Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
1
Television Law & Regulation
1
Transitional Justice
1
Change & Process Management
1
Corporate Social Responsibility
1
Broadcasting Companies
1
Konrad Adenauer Foundation
1
PRISA (Spain)
1
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
1
Folk Songs
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Accountability & Transparency
1
Governance
1
Government Policies
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
Internal Politics
1
Political Change
1
Capitalism
1
Communism, Marxism
1
Fascism
1
Totalitarianism
1
Political Oppression
1
Political Resistance
1
Political Systems
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Public Interest
1
Parliaments
1
State of Emergency
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Politics
1
Political Role & Influence of Radio, Radio & Democratization
1
Public Opinion Manipulation
1
El Comercio (Newspaper, Peru)
1
Mirror (Newspaper, Zimbabwe)
1
Project Design, Project Planning
1
Public & State Television
1
Mega FM (Radio Station, Gulu, Uganda)
1
Radio Ndeke Luka (Central African Republic)
1
Influence of Foreign Media on National Politics
1
Oppression
1
Ideologies
1
Social Integration: Role of Media
1
Buddhism
1
Confucianism
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
1
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
1
Judaism and Communication
1
Religion and State
1
Religious Discrimination, Persecution of / Violence Against Religious Groups
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Political Indicators
1
Interviewing (Journalistic Genre)
1
Sciences, Natural Sciences
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Assassination
1
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
1
Society
1
Apartheid
1
Revolutions
1
Social Justice
1
Social Classes
1
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
1
Digital Television
1
Data Protection (Computer Software)
1
Satellite Communication Technologies
1
Software Security
1
Telecommunications
1
Mobile & Wireless Communications Technologies
1
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
Commercial Television
1
Television Channels
1
Al-Jazeera
1
RCTV Radio Caracas Television (Television Channel, Venezuela)
1
Rede Globo (Television Network, Brazil)
1
User-Generated Contents
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"As a communicative space, the Russian public sphere is dramatically prosecuted, and it suffers from pathologic efforts to have it systematically shut down. This article looks back into the history of the new restrictive media laws and their framing in the state media. The analysis is disclosing how ... more

Informe de hallazgos de la misión internacional sobre libertad de prensa y de expresión en Guatemala

Freedom House;Free Press Unlimited;Reporteros sin Fronteras;Article 19;Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP) (2023), 37 pp.
"The internet is a double-edged sword: civilians can mobilise it to assemble and voice dissent, but illiberal regimes can also weaponise it to consolidate power and suppress any form of opposition. Internet shutdowns – intentional disruptions of internet services – represent one method used to l ... more
"[...] There is a need to expand the framework for press freedom defense to incorporate the notion of public interest. Linking press freedom and public interest allows for the protection of press freedom based not only on the individual right to free expression but also on the collective social bene ... more

2022 Killed List: IFJ's Annual Report on Journalists and Media Staff Killed in 2022

Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2023), 84 pp.
"Journalists act strategically in response to their political environments, using practices like self-censorship to avoid negative repercussions from powerful actors. But what does self-censorship look like in practice? Grounded in theories of policy response and media sociology, this study uses jou ... more
"According to the 2023 World Press Freedom Index rankings by the RSF, India ranks 161 out of 180 countries. One of the important indicators that the index bases the ranking on is the level of violence against the journalists and their overall safety. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indian governme ... more

SLAPPs: A Threat to Democracy Continues to Grow. A 2023 Report Update

Coalition Against SLAPPs in Europe (CASE);Daphne Caruana Galizia Foundation, 2nd ed. (2023), 23 pp.

Relocation of Journalists in Distress in the European Union

Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR);European Centre for Press & Media Freedom (ECPMF);Free Press Unlimited (2023), 24 pp.
"Mit parteistaatlicher Unterstützung avancierten die großen IT-Unternehmen Chinas seit Ende der 1990er Jahre schnell zu den Motoren der am dynamischsten wachsenden Digitalwirtschaft der Welt. Sie adaptierten zunächst Produkte und Geschäftsmodelle aus dem Ausland, gingen danach aber eigene Wege. ... more
"This guide aims to provide information to help improve press coverage of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) on issues relating to the right to freedom of expression, the safety of journalists and access to information with the purpose of improving their ability to inform the public, to a professio ... more
"After the death of a reporter who investigated narcopolitics, her colleagues formed a secret collective to bring the killers to justice—and challenge a culture of impunity." (Introduction)
"The existing literature presents several studies which show that the levels of press freedom can affect the state of the economy. What has not thus far been investigated is whether the economy can affect the levels of press freedom, the specific economic conditions that mainly affect it and the dif ... more
"Professional and liberal-oriented news media in Hong Kong have been under severe political pressure since the establishment of the National Security Law in 2020. Journalists now have to navigate a more dense and uncertain legal minefield. Self-censorship has intensified. This article argues that se ... more

New Directions in the Ethics and Politics of Speech

New York; London: Routledge (2023), viii, 153 pp.
"This book features new perspectives on the ethics and politics of free speech. Contributors draw on insights from philosophy, psychology, political theory, journalism, literature, and history to respond to pressing problems involving free speech in liberal societies. Recent years have seen an explo ... more
"Drawing on cases from across the continent, contributors explore the form and nature of social media and government censorship, often via antisocial media laws, or less overt tactics such as state cybersurveillance, spyware attacks on social media activists, or the artful deployment of the rhetoric ... more