Challenges and Perspectives of Hate Speech Research
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Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Media and Communication Studies (2023), 482 pp.
Series: Digital Communication Research, 12
"This book is the result of a conference that could not take place. It is a collection of 26 texts that address and discuss the latest developments in international hate speech research from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. This includes case studies from Brazil, Lebanon, Poland, Nigeria, and India, theoretical introductions to the concepts of hate speech, dangerous speech, incivility, toxicity, extreme speech, and dark participation, as well as reflections on methodological challenges such as scraping, annotation, datafication, implicity, explainability, and machine learning. As such, it provides a much-needed forum for cross-national and cross-disciplinary conversations in what is currently a very vibrant field of research." (Back cover)
Sharing is caring: Addressing shared issues and challenges in hate speech research / Sünje Paasch-Colberg, Christian Strippel, Martin Emmer & Joachim Trebbe, 11
I. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES: CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS
Bolsonaro’s hate network: From the fringes to the presidency / Afonso de Albuquerque & Marcelo Alves, 27
Journalists as messengers of hate speech: The case of Lebanon / Zahera Harb, 45
Unfree to speak and forced to hate? The phenomenon of the All-Poland Women’s Strike / Dagmara Szczepañska & Marta Marchlewska, 55
The role of context in incivility research / Anna Litvinenko, 73
Beyond the law: Towards alternative methods of hate speech interventions in Nigeria / Tomiwa Ilori, 87
Who moderates my social media? Locating Indian workers in the global content moderation practices / Sana Ahmad, 111
Challenges of comparative research on hate speech in media user comments: Comparing countries, platforms, and target groups / Christian Schemer & Liane Reiners, 127
II. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES: TERMS, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS
Hate speech / Liriam Sponholz, 143
Hate and harm / Lena Frischlich, 165
Dangerous speech / Susan Benesch, 185
Incivility / Marike Bormann & Marc Ziegele, 199
Toxicity / Julian Risch, 219
Extreme speech / Sahana Udupa, 233
Dark participation: Conception, reception, and extensions / Thorsten Quandt & Johanna Klapproth, 251
Future directions for online incivility research / Gina M. Masullo, 273
III. METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: OPERATIONALIZATION, AUTOMATION AND DATA
Monitoring hate speech and the limits of current definition / Babak Bahador, 291
The datafication of hate speech / Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, 301
Evasive offenses: Linguistic limits to the detection of hate speech / Christian Baden, 319
Decoding implicit hate speech: The example of antisemitism / Matthias J. Becker & Hagen Troschke, 335
Machines do not decide hate speech: Machine learning, power, and the intersectional approach / Jae Yeon Kim, 355
The accuracy trap or How to build a phony classifier / Anke Stoll, 371
The right kind of explanation: Validity in automated hate speech detection / Laura Laugwitz, 383
Scraping by? Europe’s law and policy on social media research access / Paddy Leerssen, Amélie Heldt & Matthias C. Kettemann, 405
Scraping social media data as platform research: A data hermeneutical perspective / Jakob Jünger, 427
Dataset annotation in abusive language detection / Paula Fortuna, Juan Soler-Company & Leo Wanner, 443
Futures for research on hate speech in online social media platforms / Jaime Lee Kirtz & Zeerak Talat, 467
I. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES: CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS
Bolsonaro’s hate network: From the fringes to the presidency / Afonso de Albuquerque & Marcelo Alves, 27
Journalists as messengers of hate speech: The case of Lebanon / Zahera Harb, 45
Unfree to speak and forced to hate? The phenomenon of the All-Poland Women’s Strike / Dagmara Szczepañska & Marta Marchlewska, 55
The role of context in incivility research / Anna Litvinenko, 73
Beyond the law: Towards alternative methods of hate speech interventions in Nigeria / Tomiwa Ilori, 87
Who moderates my social media? Locating Indian workers in the global content moderation practices / Sana Ahmad, 111
Challenges of comparative research on hate speech in media user comments: Comparing countries, platforms, and target groups / Christian Schemer & Liane Reiners, 127
II. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES: TERMS, CONCEPTS, AND DEFINITIONS
Hate speech / Liriam Sponholz, 143
Hate and harm / Lena Frischlich, 165
Dangerous speech / Susan Benesch, 185
Incivility / Marike Bormann & Marc Ziegele, 199
Toxicity / Julian Risch, 219
Extreme speech / Sahana Udupa, 233
Dark participation: Conception, reception, and extensions / Thorsten Quandt & Johanna Klapproth, 251
Future directions for online incivility research / Gina M. Masullo, 273
III. METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: OPERATIONALIZATION, AUTOMATION AND DATA
Monitoring hate speech and the limits of current definition / Babak Bahador, 291
The datafication of hate speech / Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, 301
Evasive offenses: Linguistic limits to the detection of hate speech / Christian Baden, 319
Decoding implicit hate speech: The example of antisemitism / Matthias J. Becker & Hagen Troschke, 335
Machines do not decide hate speech: Machine learning, power, and the intersectional approach / Jae Yeon Kim, 355
The accuracy trap or How to build a phony classifier / Anke Stoll, 371
The right kind of explanation: Validity in automated hate speech detection / Laura Laugwitz, 383
Scraping by? Europe’s law and policy on social media research access / Paddy Leerssen, Amélie Heldt & Matthias C. Kettemann, 405
Scraping social media data as platform research: A data hermeneutical perspective / Jakob Jünger, 427
Dataset annotation in abusive language detection / Paula Fortuna, Juan Soler-Company & Leo Wanner, 443
Futures for research on hate speech in online social media platforms / Jaime Lee Kirtz & Zeerak Talat, 467
