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Journalists in Botswana

Jyotika Ramaprasad

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"The top six roles, all with means above 4.5 and standard deviations below 1, for Botswana journalists, were a mix of those aligned with a liberal press (e.g., report things as they are) and those relevant to development journalism (e.g., support national development). “Report things as they are� ... more

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Journalists in Ethiopia

Terje Skjerdal

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"With regards to professional role orientations, Ethiopian journalists found it most important to support national development, promote tolerance and cultural diversity, provide analysis of current affairs, and educate the audience. The relevance of these roles was fairly undisputed among the interv ... more

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Journalists in Kenya

Levi Obonyo, Hesbon Hansen Owilla

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 8 pp.

"It is fairly informative how journalists view their roles in the Kenyan society. Kenyan journalists found it most important to report things the way they are, to educate the audience and to promote tolerance and diversity. The relevance of these roles was fairly undisputed among the interviewed jou ... rnalists as the relatively low standard deviations (s=.75, s=.77, and s=.88 respectively) indicate. It is particularly noteworthy the notion of reporting things as they are and promoting tolerance. About a decade ago, the Kenyan media was perceived to have contributed to the spate of political violence that engulfed the country. The media has strenuously struggled to shed off that perception. Further, journalists tend to see themselves as objective and therefore it is little surprising that straight reporting scored highly on the list. Other roles with a standard deviation score less than s=1.0 included letting people express their views (81.1%, s=.89) and telling stories about the world (78.9%, s=.98). Providing analysis of current affairs was considered an important role by 81.7 percent of the respondents. The other roles, in their order of percentage scores and possibly relative importance, are indicated in Table 1 below. It is instructive what Kenyan journalists considered less important roles: conveying a positive image of political leadership (31.8%) and being an adversary of the government (36.1%). Nearly all roles related to politics are at the bottom of the table. This is a unique finding, as Kenyan media is often accused of being overly political. The headlines and lead stories are often all about politics. It is noteworthy that journalism in Kenya can sometimes be fairly adversarial in relation to the government. Given the promulgation of a new constitution nearly seven years ago, with clauses protective of media freedom, there is often a boldness in Kenyan media which is unique compared to the experiences of neighboring countries. Roles supportive of a development agenda scored somewhere in the middle of the table. This is an important and surprising perception as well. Kenya is a developing country and it would have been natural to expect that development was a default role for the media. But development-related responses scored 78.8 percent and 69.2 percent respectively. While this is still a high score, it is not among the top considerations of the media." (Journalistic roles, pages 3-4) more

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Journalists in the Philippines

Edson C. Tandoc Jr.

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"In terms of professional role orientations, Filipino journalists found it most important to report things as they are, educate the audience, and advocate for social change. Most journalists were in strong agreement in the importance of these roles, as reflected by the relatively low standard deviat ... more

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WorldCat (15)

Zwischen Information und Mission: Journalisten in Afghanistan. Berufliche Merkmale, Einstellungen und Leistungen

Kefa Hamidi

Köln: Herbert von Halem Verlag (2016), 336 pp.

"Kefa Hamidi hat unter den weiterhin komplizierten Bedingungen in Afghanistan fast 200 Journalistinnen und Journalisten zu ihrem beruflichen Rollenselbstverständnis befragt und die Ergebnisse mit Befragungen aus Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern verglichen. Zudem hat er afghanische Medien daraufh ... more

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Journalists in Albania

Jonila Godole

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"Albanian journalists believe their most important professional role is reporting things as they are, being detached observers and providing the kind of news that attracts the largest audience. These functions contrast with the dominant perceived role of journalists in the early 1990s as missionarie ... more

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Journalists in Sierra Leone

Sarah Bomkapre Kamara

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"In their professional role orientations, Sierra Leonean journalists found it most important to educate the audience, let people express their views, report things as they are, support national development and advocate for social change. The respondents believe it is not their job to convey a positi ... more

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Journalists in Estonia

Haliki Harro-Loit, Epp Lauk

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 7 pp.

"Four “classic” roles: to report things as they are, to be a detached observer, to educate the audience and provide news that attracts the largest audience are fairly unanimously seen as the most important among Estonian journalists, as the relatively low standard deviations suggest. Especially ... more

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Journalists in India

Jyotika Ramaprasad

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"The top five roles, in order of importance both by mean scores and by percent who said “extremely” and “very” important, for Indian journalists, were: report things as they are (88.4%), educate the audience (85.5%), provide analysis of current affairs (84.7%), let people express their views ... more

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Journalists in Malaysia

Mohd Safar Hasim, Lee Kuok Tiung, Siti Suriani Othman, Chang Peng Kee, Moniza Waheed

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"Journalists in Malaysia view educating the audience, reports things as they are, promote tolerance, tell stories about the world, and cultural diversity and be a detached observer as their main roles (see Table 1). On the other hand, they did not indicate highly as their roles such as setting of po ... more

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Journalists in Argentina

Adriana Amado

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 7 pp.

"With regards to professional role orientations, Argentinian journalists found it most important to report things as they were, to promote tolerance and cultural diversity, to provide analysis of current affairs, and to let people express their views (see Table 1). A majority of journalists in Argen ... more

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Journalists in the Czech Republic

Alice Nemcová Tejkalová, Filip Láb

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"The differences between the most and least important roles according to Czech journalists are very big. While almost 100 percent of journalists viewed their role to “report things as they are” as very or even the most important, only 1.4 percent of interviewed journalists perceived “support o ... more

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Journalists in Mexico

Mireya Márquez Ramírez, Sallie Hughes

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 7 pp.

"With regards to professional role orientations, the vast majority of journalists in Mexico found it extremely or very important to report things as they are, followed in second place by the role of promoting tolerance and cultural diversity, and the role of advocating for social change in third pla ... more

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Journalists in Hong Kong

Francis L. F. Lee

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"Hong Kong journalists treated as most important the roles of monitoring and scrutinizing political leaders, reporting things as they are, monitoring and scrutinizing businesses, providing analysis of current affairs, and letting people express their views. Given the emphasis on monitoring the power ... more

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Journalists in Bangladesh

Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Rawshon Akhter

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 7 pp.

"While answering questions about their professional roles, journalists in Bangladesh preferred being assertive with social issues. An overwhelming majority of the Bangladeshi journalists work to promote tolerance and cultural diversity (87.0%). They also put importance on advocacy for social change ... more

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Gender in the Myanmar Media Landscape. Full Report: Yangon, Kayin, Saggaing, Shan and Across Myanmar

Dilrukshi Handunnetti, Nang Phyu Phyu Lin

Stockholm: Fojo Media Institute (2016), 32 pp.

"The Myanmar media industry reflects global trends to the extent that women are strongly represented in newsrooms in terms of numbers but media institutions remain significantly male-dominated at the decision making level. Safety is a major concern for women media professionals within the workplace ... more

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Mapping the Global Forum for Media Development: A Network Analysis of Members

Adam J. Saffer

Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) (2016), 20 pp.

"This report presents the results of the network analysis of GFMD members. This analysis specifically studied the communication channels used and the quality of relationships among members. The quality of relationships was assessed using measures of social capital. The report also provides recommend ... more

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Journalists in South Korea

Min-Kyu Lee, Lydia Frost, Thomas Hanitzsch

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"With regards to professional role orientations, South Korean journalists found it most important to report things as they are, to provide analysis of current affairs, and to monitor and scrutinize business and political leaders. The relevance of these roles was fairly undisputed among the interview ... more

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Journalists in Singapore

Andrew Duffy, Wee Kim

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 6 pp.

"Respondents believed that their primary role was to monitor and scrutinize political leaders, followed closely by reporting facts as they are. Yet only half found either of these to be ‘extremely’ or ‘very important’. They were also keen that everyday people should be allowed to express the ... more

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Google Scholar (15)

WorldCat (15)

Block Her Entry, Keep Her Down and Push Her Out: Gender Discrimination and Women Journalists in the Arab World

Jad P. Melki, Sarah E. Mallat

Journalism Studies, volume 17, issue 1 (2016), pp. 57-79

"This study examines why female journalists in an Arab country continue to be marginalized. It hypothesized that a set of interrelated factors, pertaining to gender discrimination, sexual harassment, and the lack of a legally and socially enabling environment, work together to systematically discour ... more