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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
62
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
58
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
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Female Journalists & Media Workers
48
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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War Reporting
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
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Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
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Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
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Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
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Self-Censorship
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
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Investigative Journalism
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Journalism Education & Training
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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
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Foreign Correspondents
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Censorship
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Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
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Freedom of Expression
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United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
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Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
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Election Reporting
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Media Law & Regulation
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Human Rights Protection
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Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
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COVID-19 Communication
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Exile Journalism, Exile Media
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Crime & Violence Reporting
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Stringers & Fixers (Journalism)
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Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
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Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
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Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
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Emergency Medical Aid
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United Nations (UN)
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Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
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Law Enforcement, Litigations, Legal Practice, Case Law, Jurisdiction
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Research in Media & Communication
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Editorial Independence
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Media / Communication Control
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Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
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Community Radios
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Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
4
UNESCO
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Journalism
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Journalism Education Curricula
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Journalists
4
Local Journalism
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Photojournalism
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Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
4
Advocacy
3
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
3
Political Cartoons & Comics
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Freedom of Expression Principles
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Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
3
Journalistic Social Media Use
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Minority Journalists
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Humanitarian Law
3
Countering Defamation & Harassment
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Journalism Ethics
3
Good Practice Examples
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Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
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Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
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Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
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Police
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Film & Video Advocacy / Activism
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Media Advocacy, Media Activism
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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Film Actors, Directors & Producers, Filmmakers
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Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
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Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
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Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
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Legal Threats to Media Freedom
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Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
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Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
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Storytelling
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Boko Haram
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Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
2
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
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Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
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Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
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Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
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Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
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Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
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Search Engines
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Social Media
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Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
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Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
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Documenting Human Rights Violations
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Environmental Journalism
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Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
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Foreign News, International News
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Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
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Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
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Council of Europe
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Journalistic Research Methods
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Journalistic Skills
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Exiled Journalists
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Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
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Legal Status of Journalists
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Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
2
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
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Television Journalism
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Media Assistance
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Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
2
Human Rights Violations
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Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
2
Political Transition and Media
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Research Methods
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Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
2
Corruption & Combating Corruption
2
Networks & Networking
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
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User-Generated Contents
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Access to Media & Information
1
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
1
Open Data
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
1
Advocacy Campaigns
1
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
1
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
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Election Campaigns
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Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
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Film Distribution
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Film Editing
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Chilling Effects (Discouragement of Legitimate Exercise of Legal Rights)
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Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
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Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
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Countering Press Freedom Violations by Legal Actions
1
State Influence on the Media
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OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
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Oral Cultures & Traditions, Oral History, Oral Testimonies
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Conflicts: Victims' Perspectives
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Terrorism
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Gaza War (2023-)
1
Iraq-Kuwait Gulf War (1990-1991)
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Iraq War (2003)
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Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
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Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
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Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
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Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
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Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
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Transitional Justice Reporting
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Trauma: Media Representation & Reporting
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International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
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Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
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Social Change & Media / Communication
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Algorithms & Big Data
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Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
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Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
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Digital & Information Literacy
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Digital Political Communication
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Social Media in Political Communication
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Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
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Twitter & Microblogs
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AI Reporting
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Romani People
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Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
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Identifying & Researching Disinformation
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Media Commercialisation
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Distribution of Media
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Television Markets
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Public Goods, Commons
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Accountability & Transparency of the Media
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Defamation, Libel, Slander
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Defamation: Effects on Victims
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Defamation Law & Regulation
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Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
1
Self-Regulation of Media
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Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
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Self-Assessment, Self-Evaluation
1
Feminism & Communication
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
1
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
1
Decolonial & Non-Western Approaches
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History of Journalism
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China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
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Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
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Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
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European Union (EU)
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Associations & Networks of Journalists
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Reporters Sans Frontièrs
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Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
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Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
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Information Sources of Journalists
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Journalism Studies & Research
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Journalism Studies: Research Projects
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Journalistic Genres
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Journalistic Quality
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Journalistic Style & Language
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News Agencies
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Radio Journalism
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Business & Economics Journalism
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Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
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Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
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Political Reporting
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Service Journalism, Consumer Information, Lifestyle Journalism
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Translations & Translating
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Local Communication & Media
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Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Journalists' Associations, Media Associations
1
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
1
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Media Development Indicators
1
Media & Communication Policies
1
Media & Information Literacy
1
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
1
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
1
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Legal Protection
1
Media Regulation Practices
1
Truth & Reconciliation Commissions
1
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
Caruana Galizia, Daphne (1964-2017)
1
Conflict & War Photography
1
Photographers
1
Military
1
Political Extremism
1
Populism
1
Security
1
Personal Safety
1
Election Campaigns: Social Media
1
Political Communication
1
Propaganda
1
Public Spheres
1
Video Production Skills
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Communication & Media Indicators
1
Communication & Media Research Associations & Networks
1
Assassination
1
Human Security
1
Rohingya
1
Blockchain Technologies
1
Data Protection (Computer Software)
1
Radio Production Equipment & Technologies
1
Open Source Software
1
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
1
Television
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Theories of Communication & Media
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
The Press-safety Paradox of Democracies: Regime-type Duration and Journalist Killings
Foreign Policy Analysis, volume 17, issue 1, oraa007 (2021), [no pag.]
"Previous research finds that journalist killings are more likely to occur in democracies rather than non-democracies. While these results provide an important first step in exploring regime type's effect on journalist's safety, they assume no variation in how long countries have remained a regime t
...
Understanding Journalist Killings
Journal of Politics, volume 83, issue 4 (2021), pp. 1216–1228
"Why do state authorities murder journalists? We show that the majority of journalists are killed in democracies and present an argument that focuses on institutional differences between democratic states. In democracies, journalists will most likely be targeted by local state authorities that have
...
Mexican Journalism Under Siege. The Impact of Anti-press Violence on Reporters, Newsrooms, and Society
Journalism Practice, volume 15, issue 3 (2021), pp. 308-328
"As a consequence of the endemic anti-press violence, Mexican journalists work under dangerous conditions. The constant assaults have eroded the practice of free journalism and thus, the people's right to know. Drawing on a set of semi-structured interviews with news workers from the most violent st
...
Threats That Silence: Trends in the Safety of Journalists
Paris: UNESCO (2021), 41 pp.
Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship
Top Insights
London; New York: Routledge (2021), viii, 210 pp.
"This book explores the relationship between the safety of journalists and self-censorship practices around the world, including local case studies and regional and international perspectives. Bringing together scholars and practitioners from around the globe, Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship p
...
Bulgarian Journalists Under Pressure: Threats, Violence, and Freedom of Speech
In: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2021), pp. 212-231
"Bulgarian journalists are under pressure. Although the country has been a member of the EU for 13 years and the legislation on freedom of speech corresponds to Western practices, the country ranks 111th in the annual Freedom of Speech Index. While the cases of work-related physical violence against
...
Safety of Journalists in France
In: Safety of journalists in Europe: Threats and best practices to tackle them
San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute (2021), pp. 31-42
"The 2020 law for “global security” and the National law enforcement plan (Schéma national du maintien de l’ordre), presented by the Minister of the Interior, meant to address, among other questions, the issue of the safety of journalists during demonstrations. Considering growing defiance an
...
Risk, Victimization and Coping Strategies of Journalists in Mexico and Brazil
Sur le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo, volume 10, issue 1 (2021), pp. 62-81
"There is a growing recognition that journalists are exposed to dangerous or hazardous working conditions in many places worldwide. These conditions are suggested to be linked to greater macro-related structural risks, including changes to the political economy of news that increase labor precarity,
...
Unmasking Gender-Based Violence in Venezuelan Media
In: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2021), pp. 251-267
"The Venezuelan government has been instrumental to implement different types of gender-based violence and discrimination. Reports demonstrate that women have been killed, that their economic power decreased, and that they experienced problems related to access to education, health services, jobs, e
...
From MoFA to the Iraqi delegation at UNESCO
UNESCO (2020), 22 pp.
"The report of last 12 months regarding journalists safety. We received from Ministry of Justice (MoJ), the fourth report to fight Impunity for the last 12 months which is made by the Iraqi national Committee of Safety of Journalists and issue of Impunity, as responding to the UNESCO’s request upo
...
New Opportunities in Monitoring Safety of Journalists through the UN's 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda
Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 78-88
"This article highlights the potential for increased and more standardised monitoring of a range of aspects of the safety of journalists. This is in the light of a specific indicator that has been agreed by the UN as part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The indicator concerned treats th
...
The Risks and Challenges for Professional Journalism in the Digital Age: A Malaysian Perspective
In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 106-123
"The Internet is a modern Pandora's Box which has exceptionally altered the way we disseminate and receive information messages, particularly news. Despite technological innovations being the apex of our history, it is undeniable that they pose new challenges and threats to a different degree. Hence
...
A Review on the Safety of Journalists in Turkey: A Victims' Rights Perspective
In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 148-171
"In the neoliberal media autocracy of Turkey, mass media are propaganda tools rather than the public watchdogs. The coup attempt in 2016 gave the government additional power to institutionalise this regime. Critical journalists have become the enemies of the state and suffered from threats from vari
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‘A modern-day equivalent of the Wild West’: Preparing journalism students to be safe online
Journalism Education, volume 10, issue 1 (2020), pp. 69-82
"Journalists are increasingly becoming the target of online abuse; the backlash over the death of TV presenter Caroline Flack and coverage of the Black Lives Matter protests are just two recent examples. Yorkshire Evening Post editor Laura Collins has highlighted how female journalists face the brun
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A Mission to Inform: Journalists at Risk Speak Out
Strasbourg: Concil of Europe (2020), 149 pp.
"The present study brings together a unique collection of open testimonies from 20 journalists working in different member states of the Council of Europe. Each of these journalists spoke about the risks and pressures they perceived and experienced in exercising their profession, as well as their st
...
Illegal assaults and treatment of journalists: A big challenge to the journalism profession in Nigeria
Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 12, issue 3 (2020), pp. 151-161
"One of the greatest obstacles confronting the journalism profession in the discharge of their duties is the indiscriminate physical and digital threat being experienced by journalists all over the world, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. The continuous attacks facing journalists in Africa, mo
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