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Online Caste-Hate Speech: Pervasive Discrimination and Humiliation on Social Media

Damni Kain, Shivangi Narayan, Torsha Sarkar, Gurshabad Grover

Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) (2021), 32 pp.

"In India, religious texts, social customs, rituals, and everyday cultural practices legitimise the use of hate speech against marginalised caste groups. Notions of "purity" of “upper-caste” groups, and conversely of "pollution" of “lower-caste” groups, have made the latter subject to discri ... mination, violence and dehumanisation. These dynamics invariably manifest online, with social media platforms becoming sites of caste discrimination and humiliation. This report explores two research questions. First, what are the specific contours of caste-hate speech and abuse online? Semi-structured interviews with 12 scholars and activists belonging to Dalit, Bahujan and Adivasi (DBA) groups show that marginalised groups regularly face hate and harassment based on their caste. In addition to the overt hate, DBA individuals and groups are often targeted with abuse for availing reservations – a constitutionally mandated right. More covert forms of hate and abuse are also prevalent: trolls mix caste names and words from different languages together so that their comments appear meaningless to individuals who are not keenly aware of the local context. Such hateful expression often emerges as a reaction from “upper-caste” groups to DBA resistance and social justice movements. Our respondents reported that the hateful expression can sometimes silence caste-marginalised groups and individuals, exclude them from conversations, and adversely impact their physical and mental well-being. The second question we explore is how popular social media platforms and online spaces moderate caste-hate speech and abuse. We analysed the community guidelines, policies and transparency reports of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Clubhouse. We find that Facebook, Twitter and YouTube incorporated "caste" as a protected characteristic in their hate speech and harassment policies only in the last two or three years – many years after they entered Indian and South Asian markets – showing a disregard for the regional contexts of their users. Even after these policy changes, many platforms – whose forms for reporting harmful content list gender and race – still do not list caste. Social media companies should radically increase their investment and capacity in understanding regional contexts and languages; they must focus on the dynamics of casteist hate and abuse. They will need to collaborate with a diverse set of DBA activists to ensure that their community guidelines effectively tackle overt, covert and hyper -local forms of caste-hate speech and abuse, and that their implementation and reporting processes match these policy commitments." (Eexecutive summary) more

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Hate Speech in Eastern Syria: Implications and Mechanisms of Confrontation. A Brief Report on the Rhetoric of Incitement and the Role of Local Influencers in Confronting it - Syrian Democratic Forces’ Control Areas in Deir Ezzor as a Model

Justice for Life Organization (2020), 46 pp.

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Hate Speech, Information Disorder, and Conflict: Research Review

Sahana Udupa, Iginio Gagliardone, Alexandra Deem, Laura Csuka

SSRC (2020), 17 pp.

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Schwerpunkt: Meinungsfreiheit

welt-sichten, issue 2 (2020), pp. 12-31

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The Contagion of Hate in India

Laxmi Murthy

Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2020), 23 pp.

"This paper attempts to understand the phenomenon of hate speech and its potential to legitimise discrimination and promote violence against its targets. It lays out the interconnections between Islamophobia, hate speech and acts of physical violence against Muslims. The role of social media, especi ... more

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WorldCat (19)

Judenhass im Internet: Antisemitismus als kulturelle Konstante und kollektives Gefühl

Monika Schwarz-Friesel

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2020), 167 pp.

"Die unterschiedlichen Quellen des Judenhasses finden mit den medialen Möglichkeiten des 21. Jahrhunderts einen nie gekannten Resonanzboden, der Anonymität wahrt und Reichweite ermöglicht. Latente und virulente antisemitische Stereotype werden mit aktuellen Bezügen aufgeladen und verstärkt. Mon ... more

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Hate Speech in Southeast Asia: New Forms, Old Rules

Bangkog: Asia Centre (2020), 40 pp.

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Assessing Digital Threats to Democracy, and Workable Solutions: A Review of the Recent Literature

Kathleen Kuehn, Leon A. Salter

International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 2589-2610

"Concerns surrounding the threats that digital platforms pose to the functioning of Western liberal democracies have grown since the 2016 U.S. election. Yet despite a preponderance of academic work in this area, the precise nature of these threats, empirical solutions for their redress, and their re ... more

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Digital Vigilantism, Social Media and Cyber Criminality

Karen Allen, Isel van Zyl

Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (2020), 15 pp.

"Social media platforms have become powerful tools to amplify and share narratives. Like many evolving technologies, platforms such as Twitter or Facebook may be used for social good or for ill. Digital vigilantism (whereby social media platforms are used for organised shaming, hounding or doxing of ... more

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Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation: Causes, Trends, and Their Influence on Democracy

Lejla Turcilo, Mladen Obrenovic

Sarajevo: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (2020), 38 pp.

"The aim of this paper is to investigate the phenomena of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation, as well as their impact on the political sphere. In addition, the paper attempts to explain the harmful influence of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation on public debates, dem ... more

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Disability Hate Speech: Social, Cultural and Political Context

Mark Sherry, Terje Olsen, Janikke Solstad Vedeler, John Eriksen (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), ix, 255 pp.

"This book, the first to specifically focus on disability hate speech, explains what disability hate speech is, why it is important, what laws regulate it (both online and in person) and how it is different from other forms of hate. Unfortunately, disability is often ignored or overlooked in academi ... more

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Las políticas de las grandes plataformas sobre discurso de odio durante el COVID-19

Ana Laura Pérez

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 32 pp.

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Social Media and Conflict in Democratic Republic of Congo: A Lexicon of Hate Speech Terms

Nicola Barrach-Yousefi et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab; Terre de Paix; Action des Jeunes pour le Développement Communautaire et la Paix (ADECOP) (2020), 32 pp.

"To successfully monitor and counter hate speech, we must first identify specific terms and define the social and political context that makes them offensive, inflammatory, and potentially dangerous. To that end, PeaceTech Lab has pioneered a process to identify and contextualize inflammatory langua ... more

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Más que palabras: Buscando consensos para caracterizar el discurso de odio

Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC) (2020), 37 pp.

"[...] la presente investigación tiene como objeto cuatro naciones de América Latina: Argentina, Brasil, Costa Rica y Panamá. Se analiza de qué manera cada uno de los países seleccionados caracteriza al discurso de odio y cómo lo enfrenta. Este abordaje se realizó desde una perspectiva legal ... more

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Violence and Trolling on Social Media: History, Affect, and Effects of Online Vitriol

Sara Polak, Daniel Trottier (eds.)

Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press (2020), 266 pp.

"Various terms are in use to describe violent, bullying, demeaning, or otherwise antagonistic expressions on social media platforms. Hate speech is common, but also not limited to the online world. While it does signal that these expressions are speech acts, and therefore, as we maintain, performati ... more

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Countering Cyberhate Against Roma: A Toolkit for Civil Society Organizations and Activists

Marco Cadena, Zsófia Farkas, Nicole Garbin

Budapest: Minority Rights Group Europe (2020), 51 pp.

"In Chapter 1, the international and European legal frameworks are outlined with a focus on the existing definitions of hate speech and current freedom of expression safeguards, the challenges posed by online hate speech, the role of IT companies in addressing these issues, and possible ways to resp ... more

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Hate Speech, Propaganda and Disinformation in Albanian Media

Ilda Londo

Tirana; Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM); Peace Institute; Albanian Media Institute (2020), 27 pp.

"[...] the purpose of this paper is to highlight the main models and elements that media in Albania manifest regarding hate speech, propaganda and disinformation. The research focuses mainly on online media, as they are identified as the main carriers of disinformation and hate speech, with a few ex ... more

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Rechte Ego-Shooter: Von der virtuellen Hetze zum Livestream-Attentat

Jean-Philipp Baeck, Andreas Speit (eds.)

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2020), 208 pp.

"Rechtsextremistisch, antisemitisch oder rassistisch motivierten Anschlägen fielen seit 2019 in Neuseeland, den USA, Norwegen und Deutschland 86 Menschen zu Opfer. Die Täter verbindet nicht nur ihr Hass, sondern ebenso ihre Radikalisierung im Internet. Sie alle fanden zuvor in einschlägigen Foren ... more

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Online Hate Speech: Introduction Into Motivational Causes, Effects and Regulatory Contexts
Key Guidance

Konrad Rudnicki, Stefan Steiger

DeTACT; Media Diversity Institute (2020), 71 pp.

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Hate Speech in Asia and Europe: Beyond Hate and Fear

Myungkoo Gang, Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan, Wooja Kim, Philippa Hall (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), xi, 193 pp.

"This edited collection provides a timely review of the current state of hate speech research in Asia and Europe, through the comparative examples of Korea, Japan and France.Extending the study of hate speech studies beyond the largely western emphasis on European and US contexts dominant in the fie ... more

Online Hate Speech: Introduction Into Motivational Causes, Effects and Regulatory Contexts Key Guidance

Online Hate Speech: Introduction Into Motivational Causes, Effects and Regulatory Contexts
Key Guidance