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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
58
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
20
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Journalism Education & Training
15
War Reporting
14
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Female Journalists & Media Workers
10
Foreign Correspondents
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
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Trauma: Media Representation & Reporting
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Journalism Ethics
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Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Photojournalism
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Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
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Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
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Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
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User-Generated Contents
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Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
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Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
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Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
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Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
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Iraq War (2003)
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Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
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Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
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Trauma, Coping with Trauma, Trauma Therapy
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Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
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Countering Defamation & Harassment
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Journalism
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Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
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Conflict & War Photography
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Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
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Resilience
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Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
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Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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Children: Media Representation & Reporting
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
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Editorial Independence
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Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
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Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
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Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
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Boko Haram
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Wars
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Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
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Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
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Violence in the Media
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War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
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Media Criticism
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Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
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Disasters, Disaster Relief, Disaster Prevention
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Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
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Journalistic Social Media Use
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Prisoners & Communication / Media
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
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Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
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Humanitarian Aid
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International Humanitarian Crisis Reporting, Foreign Disaster Reporting
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Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
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Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
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Counselling
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COVID-19 Communication
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Mental Health (General)
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Suicide Reporting & Media Representation
1
Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
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Foreign News, International News
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Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
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Information Sources of Journalists
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Journalism Education Curricula
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Journalistic Skills
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Journalistic Style & Language
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Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
1
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
1
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
1
Stringers & Fixers (Journalism)
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Local Journalism
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Newsroom Management
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Business & Economics Journalism
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Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
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Forced Labour & Human Trafficking: Reporting & Media Representation
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Television Journalism
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Witnesses, Witness Testimonies
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Metaphors
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Local Television
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Media Assistance
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Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
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Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
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Military
1
Populism
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Right-Wing Extremism
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Public Spheres
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Emotions in the Media, Emotional Functions & Messages of Media
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Memory, Memorizing
1
Taliban
1
Islamist Communications & Media
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Research Methods
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Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
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Rohingya
1
Open Source Software
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"Purpose: War journalists confront many dangers, leaving them at risk for mental health problems. They are, however, able to take breaks from the hazards of frontline work by periodically leaving conflict zones for the safety of home. This respite is not afforded local journalists who cover conflict ... more
"This critical ethnographic study is an investigation of the effects of witnessing trauma for Canadian journalists and photojournalists working on national and international assignments. Our primary aim is to describe our participants’ understanding of the effects of covering trauma, disaster, or ... more
"Journalists’ psychological distress after working with the Jokela school shooting incident was examined with a mixed methods research design using a sample of 196 journalists (27 on the scene, 169 working indirectly with the crisis). Quantitative results were compared to those of a control group ... more
"Aims: To investigate mental illness among journalists in five key areas: (1) journalists' mental health status; (2) journalists' personal attitudes towards mental illness; (3) attitudes and support journalists expect or have experienced from colleagues when they have a mental health problem; (4) ef ... more
"Background: News journalists are an occupational group with a unique task at the scene of an unfolding crisis-to collect information and inform the public about the event. By being on location, journalists put themselves at risk for being exposed to the potentially traumatic event. Objective: To co ... more

U.S. and Finnish Journalists: A Comparative Study of Roles, Responsibilities, and Emotional Reactions to School Shootings

In: School Shootings: Mediatized Violence in a Global Age
Glenn W. Muschert; Johanna Sumiala (eds.)
Leeds: Emerald Publishing (2012), pp. 141-160
"In the chapter, journalistic work ethics on the scene during school shootings and journalists’ psychological stress reactions after such work is studied. Approach: Findings are based on several qualitative studies carried out separately at different time periods, spanning over a decade. Included ... more
"All journalists in Balochistan should undergo conflict sensitive journalism (CSJ) trainings. All journalists should undergo media law clinics to be educated on rights and responsibilities. A Safety Fund for Balochistan should be set up to provide resources on safety and security and address their l ... more
"Journalists who witness trauma and disaster events are at risk for physical, emotional, and psychological injury. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical ethnographic study among 31 Canadian journalists and photojournalists with regard to coping strategies used to buffer t ... more

Journalists as Witnesses to Violence and Suffering

In: The Handbook of Global Communication and Media Ethics
Robert S. Fortner; Mark Fackler (eds.)
Chichester: Wiley Blackwell (2011), pp. 752-773

Representing Death in the News: Journalism, Media and Mortality

Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (2010), viii, 199 pp.
"This new study maps and synthesizes existing research on the ways in which journalism deals with death. Folker Hanusch provides a historical overview of death in the news, looks at the conditions of production, content and reception, and also analyzes emerging trends in the representation of death ... more
"Effects of work-related and personal exposure to potentially traumatic events on PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), depression, compassion fatigue and burnout were examined in 503 Finnish news journalists (238 men, 265 women) by using a web-based survey. Stepwise linear multiple regression analy ... more
"In describing their understanding of trauma, disaster, and conflict photography, photojournalists in this qualitative study conceptualized abstract experiences using specific types of metaphors. Their metaphors focused on concepts such as violence, bewilderment, and health/affliction. The unique as ... more

Handbook for Journalists

Paris: Reporters Without Borders;UNESCO (2010), 108 pp.
"This handbook is to help journalists working in war zones. There is no magic way to avoid a rocket attack or an ambush, but the tips here are based on common sense (which is too often ignored) and should help many journalists solve a lot of problems. We present basic press freedom documents, declar ... more
"Employees working in television newsrooms are exposed to video footage of violent events on a daily basis. It is yet unknown whether they subsequently develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as has been shown for other populations exposed to trauma through television. We conducted an inte ... more

Healing the Messenger: A Journalist’s Trauma Booklet. Special Edition Kenya

Nairobi; Copenhagen: Kenya Association of Photographers, Illustrators and Designers;Kenya Correspondents Association;Kenya Union of Journalists;International Media Support (IMS) (2009), 38 pp.
"Providing counseling for reporters who have witnessed some of the worst things that can happen to humanity – with no tools to handle the emotional shock – was identified as one of the most imminent and crucial needs for support to Kenyan media practitioners in the aftermath of the disputed Dece ... more
"This study examines the psychological health of contractors working in war zones. Seventy-nine contractors completed an Internet-based psychiatric assessment. The sample was exclusively male with a mean age of 43 (SD = 7) years. The number of contractors whose scores exceeded the cutoff points for ... more
"The purpose of this article is to present the results of a qualitative study on assignment stress injury within journalism. Thirty-one Canadian journalists and photojournalists participated in the research study. The focus of this article is on recommendations offered by our participants to address ... more

From Danger to Trauma Affective Labor and the Journalistic Discourse of Witnessing

In: Media Witnessing: Testimony in the Age of Mass Communication
Paul Frosh; Amit Pinchevski (eds.)
Palgrave (2009), pp. 158-181
"According to recent reports on violence committed against journalists, journalism is a dangerous, fear-inspiring job. In the wake of Daniel Pearl’s kidnapping and murder in January 2002 and the less-publicized but equally brutal killings of journalists in Bangladesh, the Philippines, the wars in ... more
"A collection of essays by top international correspondants in print, broadcasting, and photojournalism, International News Reporting offers an introduction to journalism written by the people who have made the profession what it is today. Contributors identify the major areas of professional practi ... more
"From the Holocaust to 9/11, modern communications systems have incessantly exposed us to reports of distant and horrifying events, experienced by strangers, and brought to us through media technologies. In this book leading scholars explore key questions concerning the truth status and broader impl ... more