"This study investigates self-Censorship practices in Ethiopian state media institutions. Through indepth interviews with 61 journalists, the study discloses extensive use of self-Censorship on the part of journalists who try to conform to the expected reporting style of the state media. The journal
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ists are largely critical of self-Censorship, but continue with the practice despite their reservations. The study suggests that editors and reporters assume a set of underlying justifications to validate the practice on a personal level and make it appear professional for outsiders. The justifications are found to follow four lines of argument: (1) relegation of ethical responsibility; (2) elasticity of journalistic editing; (3) confidence in critical audiences; and (4) adherence to social responsibility. It is further found that there is a remarkable discrepancy between the relatively open-minded official editorial policy of the Ethiopian state media and the restrictive reporting practices followed by the journalists. It is suggested that discourses of fear play a significant role in the reproduction of self-Censorship in the concerned media organizations." (Abstract)
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"El estudio de los medios públicos desde la doble perspectiva jurídica y de análisis de desempeño constituye una iniciativa inédita y necesaria. Lo consideramos así porque no hay todavía distinciones conceptuales claras entre lo que son medios públicos, medios de servicio público y medios g
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ubernamentales, ni entre interés público y servicio público, por poner algunos ejemplos. Ha faltado en este sentido una mirada rigurosa de los preceptos normativos que dan rostro y sentido a lo que deben ser los medios públicos, y a la vez un análisis basado en datos objetivos sobre el comportamiento de nuestros medios gubernamentales federales." (Descripción de la casa editorial)
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"This paper is the continuation of my previous PhD research, Journalism and Political Democracy in Brazil, which was published by Lexington Books (March 2008), and is an investigation of the role of the mainstream media in Brazil and in Latin America in the re-democratization phase following the end
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of the dictatorship in the mid-80’s. Comparing Media Systems is a comparative research analysis which aims to be an initial examination of the state of the public media structures in Europe in contrast to the strengthening of the public media platform in emerging democracies like Brazil, and seeks to investigate how public communications can still have a role in enhancing cultural and educational levels as well as promoting wider social and political inclusion. It aims to assess the ways in which such an initiative can contribute to the fortification of spaces for debate and the further construction of a complex communication system that can attend to multiple and diverse publics in Latin America. In the context of decline of the PSB tradition in the UK due to digitalisation and market expansionism, this project focuses on the ways in which the public media - attached to a revised understanding of the role that the public sphere ideal can still have in the 21st century - can contribute to deepen media democratisation in the region. These nations have a weak public sector and are seeking to fortify multiple public spheres in order to expand citizens’ information rights, creating the means for cultural emancipation and providing less privileged groups access to quality information and debate." (Abstract)
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"The media have shaped and will continue to play a central role in shaping Kenya’s democracy. The recent record of the media, according to many within it, is that media has undermined as well as invigorated that democracy. An understanding of democracy and democratic governance in Kenya is not pos
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sible without a strong understanding of the media’s role in the country. We would urge development actors to be better engaged and more supportive of media in the future. The problem facing Kenya’s media is not an excess of media freedom. It is a lack of it. Media freedom cannot, however, be described simply in terms of ndependence from government. Journalists and broadcasters face immense commercial and political constraints which are constraining their journalistic independence and integrity. Some local language radio stations have incited fear and hatred particularly at the height of the violence. Local language radio stations are routinely partisan and fl out codes of ethics. Talk shows have provided the greatest opportunities for hate speech and talk show hosts are not trained in confl ict reporting or moderation. Nearly all we spoke to on the subject felt this was a priority. More recently, most local language stations (and much of the rest of the media) appear to have been playing an important role in calming tension and promoting dialogue. A strengthening of such a role by a genuinely independent media will form a critical contribution as Kenya navigates the turbulent waters ahead of it." (Summary of policy conclusions)
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"At a stay in Afghanistan in May 2006 my father-in-law Mohammed Faried Parvanta in a laborious effort acquired Persian lists of newspapers, magazines and radio and television stations from the Ministry of Information and Youth. These lists give an excellent quantitative overview on the current lands
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cape of mass media in the country and I soon came to the conclusion that they are a source in itself, documenting a status which will have already changed considerably at the moment this article appears. My wish to publish them was limited by the question of how to make them accessible in a useful way. While speaking about it to my friend Eckart Schiewek who is since nine years a member of the United Nations Special Mission to Afghanistan (UNSMA) he mentioned another list that had been produced in February 2001 by UNSMA under his direction and thus reflects the media situation in the time of the Taliban (a time where very little is known about the publishing landscape). Eckart’s generosity to freely use the 2001 list made it clear that both lists should be published thus giving a comparison which to my knowledge hasn’t been tried yet. I decided to create a certain frame for the data in providing a short historical overview and adding some comments at certain points in the lists although I am in no way qualified for a critical historical study of the situation of Afghan mass media or periodicals. Instead this small article intends to make these two valuable lists available to the interested specialists. Despite my few comments both of the lists are basically reproduced as they were. I quickly gave up initial thoughts to translate the Persian lists because of the sheer size of these lists." (Preliminary remarks)
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"The "Law on Freedom of Press" passed in summer 1998 prohibited state ownership on media and fixed the establishment of public service broadcast media in Mongolia. This paper analyses the situation of electronic media, gives a description of endeavors to transform the broadcasting system in Mongolia
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before and after 1998 and provide proposals for improvement of the current bill on "Public service broadcasting." (Summary)
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"Ce répertoire comprend: l'équipe gouvernementale — Les missions diplomatiques — Le Ministère de l'Information — Les Agences de Presse — La Radio-Télévision Nationale Congolaise — La presse quotidienne — La presse périodique — Les associations de presse — Les éditions — Les
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distributions cinématographiques — La publicité et les relations publiques — Le tourisme — Les centres de formation aux carrières de la communication." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 1951, topic code 072.1)
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"Extrait d'un mémoire présenté à l'Institut Français de Presse. Inventaire des moyens d'information au Dahomey — La presse écrite — L'agence dahoméenne de presse et son statut — La radiodiffusion de presse et son statut — La presse filmée et son organisation — La presse étrangère
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— Mission de l'information au Dahomey." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2287, topic code 072.1)
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"En Tanzanie, le Bureau de Presse s'occupe de toutes les informations gouvernementales, ainsi que des relations publiques à l'échelon national — Radio Tanzanie, à l'origine une société de droit public, est devenue une division du Ministère de l'Information — L'installation de stations rég
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ionales de radio et de nouveaux centres d'écoute est au stade de projet — La Tanzanie compte quatre journaux, tous quotidiens — Deux de ces journaux appartiennent à des partis politiques, les deux autres sont privés — Il n'y a pas de censure de presse. Traduction anglaise aux pages 118-119." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 449, topic code 110.1)
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"Le Haut-Commissariat à l'Information de la République Démocratique du Congo comprend les sections Radiodiffusion, Presse, Relations Publiques, Cinématographie et Photographie — La R.D.C. compte cinq quotidiens, une centaine de journaux non quotidiens en français et langues locales dont le ti
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rage global voisine entre 223.000 exemplaires — Le Congo dispose par ailleurs de neuf stations de radio diffusion dont deux stations privées — Une agence de presse (ACP) fonctionne depuis 1960 — Elle distribue quotidiennement près de 36.000 mots de texte d'information — Une station de télévision émet depuis 1967 à Kinshasa. Traduction anglaise aux pages 76-77." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 656, topic code 072.1)
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"Les services publics de l'information du Dahomey sont coiffés par le Haut Commissariat à l'Information — Ce sont: le Service d'Information (presse écrite, documentation et relations publiques), la Société dahoméenne de Cinéma, l'Agence Dahoméenne de Presse et la Radio-diffusion nationale
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— Le Dahomey compte actuellement quatre journaux périodiques dont un journal mural mensuel — Un projet de quotidien fait son chemin — La radio, de son côté, envisage un accroissement de ses émissions en langue vernaculaire. Traduction anglaise aux pages 84-85." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 61, topic code 110.1)
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