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Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
24
Social Media in Political Communication
17
Democracy / Democratization and Media
11
Political Transition and Media
10
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
9
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
9
Election Campaigns: Social Media
9
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
8
E-Governance, E-Democracy
8
Politics and Media
8
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
7
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
6
Algorithms & Big Data
6
Digital Political Communication
6
Social Media
6
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
5
Facebook
5
Twitter & Microblogs
5
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
5
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
4
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
4
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
4
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
4
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
3
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
3
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
3
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
3
Media / Communication Control
3
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
3
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
3
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
3
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
3
Public Spheres
3
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
2
Audiences & Users
2
Election Campaigns
2
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
2
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
2
Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Digital Criticism
2
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
2
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
2
Governance & Accountability: Role of Digital Communication
2
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
2
Media Assistance: Digital Journalism & Social Media
2
Political Blogging
2
Political Websites & Online Communities
2
Filter Bubbles & Echo Chambers
2
Gender and ICTs / Internet
2
Satellite Television
2
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
2
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
2
Political Communication
2
Propaganda
2
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
2
Access to Media & Information: Disadvantaged Groups and Minorities
1
Access to Media & Information: Indigenous Populations
1
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Mobile Phone Advocacy & Campaigns
1
Agriculture & ICTs, e-Agriculture
1
Area & Regional Studies
1
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
1
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
1
Health Information Access & Use
1
Media Use: Influence of Religion
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
1
Communication Rights
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
1
Censorship
1
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
1
Boko Haram
1
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
1
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
1
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
1
Governance Support Communication
1
Convergence of Media
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Digital Inclusion
1
Digital & Social Media Effects
1
Internet and Politics
1
Digital Market Concentration
1
Digital Media Markets
1
Online News
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
LinkedIn
1
Religion in Social Media
1
WhatsApp
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Digitalisation
1
Deepfakes (Realistic-Looking Media Content that has been Modified, Generated or Falsified Using AI)
1
Economy
1
Television Dramas
1
Countering Defamation & Harassment
1
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
1
Self-Regulation of Media
1
Gender Relations
1
Good Practice Examples
1
COVID-19 Communication
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
China: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
1
Journalism
1
Journalistic Quality
1
Journalists: Trust in Public Institutions
1
Election Reporting
1
Political Reporting
1
Linguistic Diversity: Internet & Digital Media
1
Communication Networks
1
Media & Communication Policies
1
Media System Analyses & Typologies
1
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
1
Television Landscapes
1
Emruz (Website, Iran)
1
Politics
1
Arab Spring (2010-2012)
1
Coup d'Etat
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
Populism
1
Political Systems
1
Political Transition
1
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
1
Statebuilding
1
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
1
Radicalisation: Influence of Media
1
Public Opinion Manipulation
1
Everyday Life
1
Manipulation
1
Internet & ICTs in Rural Areas
1
Society
1
Inequalities
1
Al-Hurra (Television Channel)
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Television Talk Shows
1
Youth Activism, Youth Civic Engagement, Youth Political Interests, Youth Protests
1
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"Mit Blick auf die Rolle sozialer Netzwerkmedien in arabischen Gesellschaften lässt sich resümierend festhalten, dass durch deren vielfältige Nutzungsmöglichkeiten während Protestphasen und unter den restriktiven Bedingungen autoritärer Herrschaft übergreifende bürgerschaftliche Identitäten ... more
"This article explores whether, and to what extent, local knowledge features in research on the role of ICTs in statebuilding and peacebuilding in Africa, with a particular focus on neighboring Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia. We question whether the claims of the transformative power of ICTs are backe ... more
"Blogs and online content contribute significantly to opinion diversity in Africa today. Because of that, they are increasingly monitored by federal agencies, which aim to more strictly define the grey zone between journalism, blog-writing and opinion stating in social media. It is especially agains ... more
"The data in this report was collected between December 20, 2014 and February 2, 2015 and represents the views of 1161 respondents from that time. The goal of the project is to understand how people in Turkey perceive and value the debate over Internet freedoms in Turkey and how they employ the Inte ... more
"The Story of an Uprising examines the political and media dynamic in pre-and post-revolution Egypt and what it could mean for the country's democratic transition. We follow events through the period leading up to the 2011 revolution, eighteen days of uprising, military rule, an elected president's ... more

The Internet and Democracy

In: The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies
Oxford: Oxford University Press (2014), pp. 421-437
"To conclude, it is helpful to consider the work reviewed here under the headings provided by Beetham (2002)'s definition of democracy: popular control, and political equality. With respect to popular control, it seems to be the case that the Internet facilitates a "way in" for citizens in a democra ... more
"The election protests in Moscow in December 2011 signified an important moment for Russian society. Political dissent, historically reserved for the private domain of Soviet kitchens and in recent years to the regulation-free space of the Russian Internet (RuNet), entered the public space of Moscow ... more
"This article analyzes the term 'citizen journalism' against the backdrop of the Arab uprisings in order to show how it overlooks the local context of digital media practices. The first part examines videos emanating from Syria to illustrate how they blur the lines between acts of witnessing, report ... more
"The survey administered for this issue measures public attitudes and perceptions towards the adoption of social media by Arab governments for the purpose of public service delivery. Respondents were asked about their usage of government social media pages, their perceptions of benefits and risks in ... more
"The study will begin by defining and classifying social media and will go on to explain the reach and role of these media in developing contexts, in particular when used for political communication, interaction and decision-making processes. In a second chapter, risks and benefits of social media a ... more
"This paper examines the extent social media is enabling e-democracy in Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The study conducts an interpretative case study approach interviewing active social media users, political actors, civil servants, civilians, civil society actors and tertiary students. The stu ... more
"This article revisits the current interplay between the government, the market, civil society, and the media in contemporary Indonesian political communication. Previous research showed a striking increase in the numbers of both Internet and social media users as well as cases of social media influ ... more
"Die 'Grüne Bewegung', die Protestbewegung infolge der iranischen Präsidentschaftswahlen, machte im Sommer 2009 international Schlagzeilen. Das Mobiltelefon wurde dabei zum Symbol und zur Waffe des Volkes: Mit Handyfotos und -videos wurde das brutale Vorgehen der iranischen Machthaber gegen die Be ... more
"Philip N. Howard and Muzammil M. Hussain examine the complex role of the Internet, mobile phones, and social networking applications in the Arab Spring. Examining digital media access, level of grievance, and levels of protest for popular democratization in 16 countries in the Middle East and North ... more
"Research on new media has always highlighted the assumption that in authoritarian contexts, communication technologies provide political activists with ampler space than available in the heavily policed physical world. However, social and political changes taking place throughout Egypt and the Arab ... more
"Les pays en quête de démocratie ont traversé de grands bouleversements. C’est ce dont témoignent les mouvements sociaux sur Internet, acteur incontournable des soulèvements populaires. Leurs contours, les lieux où ils évoluent ainsi que les volontés qui s’y expriment constituent un terr ... more