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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
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Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
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Humanitarian Law
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Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
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Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
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Human Rights Protection
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United Nations (UN)
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Film Actors, Directors & Producers, Filmmakers
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Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
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Media / Communication Control
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United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
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Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
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Defamation Law & Regulation
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Female Journalists & Media Workers
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Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
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Council of Europe
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Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
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Government Advertising, State Advertising
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
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Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
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Freedom of Expression Principles
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
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OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
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Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
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Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
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Community Radios
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International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
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Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
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Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
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Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
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Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
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Countering Defamation & Harassment
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Journalism Ethics
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Foreign Correspondents
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European Union (EU)
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OSCE
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UNESCO
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Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
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Local Journalism
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
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Media & Communication Policies
1
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
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Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
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Media Regulation Practices
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Regulatory Bodies
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Religious Freedom
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Khashoggi, Jamal (1958-2018)
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Photographers
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Personal Safety
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Stakeholders, Stakeholder Analysis, Stakeholder Participation
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Public Media, State Media
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Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
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Safety of Journalists in France

In: Safety of journalists in Europe: Threats and best practices to tackle them
San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute (2021), pp. 31-42
"The 2020 law for “global security” and the National law enforcement plan (Schéma national du maintien de l’ordre), presented by the Minister of the Interior, meant to address, among other questions, the issue of the safety of journalists during demonstrations. Considering growing defiance an ... more
"This contribution singles out and seeks to analyse the most essential elements of the OSCE Ministerial Council Decision on Safety of Journalists, adopted in Milan on 7 December 2018. Those elements aim to create an enabling environment for the media, in particular, through the compliance with speci ... more

What Compels Journalists to Take a Step Back? Contextualizing the Media Laws and Policies of Bangladesh

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 38-53
"Reports by international organizations suggest that physical violence and threats against journalists and bloggers continued with impunity in Bangladesh, resulting in the country being ranked as 146 in the World Press Freedom Index 2018. Considering the increasing incidents of violence against jour ... more
"There is a growing and urgent threat to the safety of journalists across Europe which constitutes a terminal threat to democracy and urgent action by Council of Europe Member States is required. At the international level, detailed guidance and standards for the protection of journalists have been ... more
"This study seeks to investigate different types of threats which affect the journalists' safety in Egypt and how do they manage their work in the presence of the diverse threats. The study analyzes the Egyptian legislative framework in order to explain whether it protects media freedom and journali ... more
"European Parliament resolution of 25 November 2020 on strengthening media freedom: the protection of journalists in Europe, hate speech, disinformation and the role of platforms (2020/2009(INI))." (Introduction)
"Many East African states have developed restrictive legal and policy measures regarding the use of the internet. This has resulted in the declining state of media freedom and safety of journalists. This article addresses freedom of expression as a pre-condition for safeguarding journalists in selec ... more
"This report maps threats against journalists in Afghanistan between January and December 2017. Divided into five key indicator categories, the report first provides an overview of the safety situation of journalists in Afghanistan; followed by the discussion of the roles and responses of State and ... more
"En respuesta al riesgo que enfrentan tanto las emisoras comunitarias como otros medios de comunicación en todas las regiones del país, Colombia cuenta con un programa de protección a periodistas desde el año 2000. Luego de 19años, puede afirmarse que esta iniciativa ha contribuido considerable ... more
"This article maintains that current international law fails to recognize the specific risks associated with the journalistic profession, and that the fragmented, non-binding and unenforceable initiatives on journalists' rights adopted to date have proven ineffective. It argues that a dedicated inte ... more
"Pakistan’s journalists confront fatal safety risks in the line of their duty and are at the mercy of various types of pressure and extremist groups that threaten, kidnap and even murder them with almost total impunity. Despite the growing violence against journalists in Pakistan, there is a deart ... more
"In the wake of progress in underlining international norms for protection of journalists, UNESCO in 2017 initiated a global consultation on how to strengthen implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity. The results of this consultation are relevant ... more
"The period between 2014 through the end of 2018 has seen 495 journalists killed, according to UNESCO data, which represents an 18% increase in the number of killings as compared to the preceding 5-year period (2009-2013). Based on the number of killings, the most dangerous regions for journalists a ... more
"This report specifically examines legal remedies for online attacks against journalists. It looks at three case studies, in Finland, France and Ireland, of female journalists who were viciously attacked online for their work and the ensuing attempts to hold the perpetrators accountable. From an ana ... more
"Becoming the Story examines the transformation of war reporting in the decade after 9/11. Lindsay Palmer delves into times when print or television correspondents themselves received intense public scrutiny because of an incident associated with the work of war reporting. Such instances include Dan ... more
"Jamal Khashoggi is known for his very sharp critics to Saudi Arabian Governments. He was murdered at the Consulate facility of Saudi Arabia in Istanbul-Turkey. The case has become a concern of international society, put the questions of freedom of expression and press as well the security of journa ... more
"The research documents how, despite immense ongoing challenges, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Nepal and Pakistan, some important advances have been made to develop joint structures and innovative approaches to defend the practice of journalism. It examines the long road Colombia has followed in the establi ... more
"International Humanitarian Law (IHL) has long-claimed that recognition as a civilian is critical to a journalist's safety during war, but the new US Manual blurs that line and says journalists must better understand the distinction between civilians and combatants. Given the fact that journalists m ... more
"This study will contain an analysis on the international and regional standards in the field of freedom of expression, as stipulated in the United Nations conventions and in the European Convention of Human Rights. Further we will establish a link between the breach of the freedom of expression whe ... more

The Protection of Citizen Journalists During Armed Conflicts

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 267-278
"Digital technologies are changing the way in which journalism is performed. Today, reports by citizen journalists (CJs) are extremely relevant when traditional journalists cannot access hostile and dangerous areas. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 90% of murdered reporters were lo ... more