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The Media-Democracy Paradox in Ghana: Rethinking Political Communication in an African Context

W. S. Dzisah

Bristol: intellect (2020), 218 pp.

"This original new book researches into the praxis of this democracy and its media, delving into Ghana's evolvement, media practice, leadership aspirations, pressure group politics and ethnic and tribal cleavages. Written in accessible language it will provide valuable source material for readers in ... more

Sustainability of Professional Journalism in the Media Business Environment of the Western Balkans

Sanela Hodžic, Brankica Petkovic

European Union;TACSO 3 project;GDSI (2020), 54 pp.

"Independent media outlets in the Western Balkans are facing major challenges to their financial sustainability. With the exception of some of the largest broadcasters with national coverage and the most visited online media, the majority of media outlets across the region are not sustainable busine ... more

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Medios de comunicación: ¿al servicio de quién?

Jesus González Pazos

Buenos Aires: CLACSO (2020), 143 pp.

"Tenemos que afirmar que, en estos días, está en su casi totalidad, por lo menos cuando nos referimos a los medios de comunicación masivos; permeado y bajo el control de las élites económicas que, además, hay que recordarlo, son en su inmensa mayoría élites masculinas. Esta situación de dom ... more

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Media Influence Matrix: Slovakia

Marius Dragomir

Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS), 2nd, updated ed. (2020), 110 pp.

"Seemingly, Slovaks have access to a wealth of news sources. In reality, though, the market is concentrated in the hands of a few large players. Powerful financial groups such as Penta Investments and J&T, and a handful of magnates including Ivan Kmotrik and Andrej Babis (who is also Czech Republic� ... ��s prime minister) exert decisive influence in the ownership of most major media companies. They are also close to politicians (if they are not themselves one), which means big leverage in regulatory affairs. The entry on the Slovak market of PPF, a Czech financial group led by another wealthy oligarch, Petr Kellner, which bought Markiza TV in 2019, is further cementing the oligarchic control in the country’s media. The Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic known as PMU is much responsible for the shape of the Slovak media market. It has been the PMU that approved a spate of merger cases allowing the expansion of some media owners. Decisions by the PMU in 2015-2016 allowed Penta Investments to take over several major publishers. It was one of these deals that prompted journalists from the daily Sme (acquired by Penta) to leave and set up DennikN. Civil society exerts little influence. International groups are not effective either. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), a Vienna-based intergovernmental group, has some political leverage, but that does not materialize in any earth-shattering policy changes or palpable improvements for journalists. For example, in early March 2018, Harlem Desir, the head of media at OSCE, called on Slovak authorities in a meeting in Bratislava to investigate the killing by unknown assaulters in February 2018 of the Slovak investigative journalist Jan Kuciak. Instead, two months later, Slovak police began to harass Pavla Holcova, a Slovak journalist who was trying to help with the police investigation. It was only after massive pressures from citizens and journalism groups from abroad that four people were finally charged in October 2019 over Kuciak’s killing. Besides regulation, tightly controlled by authorities and highly politicized, the government plays also a direct role in the Slovak media market. Funding from license fees collected from all Slovak households and state budget makes the public broadcaster RTVS the largest player in the country’s media with a budget in excess of €115m. That is not necessarily bad. For some years, the Slovak public got its money’s worth. The station earned a feather in its cap for improved programming." (Key findings, pages 6-7) more

Token Transformation? A Critical Political Economy of the Media Analysis of Ownership and Content Diversity in South Africa's Print Media

Prinola Govenden

Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand (2019), 304 pp.

Media Ownership Monitor Argentina

Reporters Without Borders;Tiempo Argentino (2019), 1210 pp.

"The sample of media investigated by MOM includes 52 national outlets: 14 Television channels, 14 radio stations, 10 printed newspapers and 14 news websites. Most of them are owned by a few private companies mostly located in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. They concentrate audience shares, i ... more

Media Ownership Monitor India

Reporters Without Borders;Data Leads (2019), 1360 pp.

"The Media Ownership Monitor – India finds out that while the ownership of media seems fairly plural at the national level, it is highly concentrated when one zooms into the regional level. More importantly, prominent national players have ceded their position of eminence at the regional level, wh ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Pakistan

Reporters Without Borders;Freedom Network (2019), 1134 pp.

"The Media Ownership Monitor found that a high degree of concentration in ownership and audience share prevails in the media industry in Pakistan and a professionally weak regulatory system poses a threat to media pluralism and freedom of expression in the country." (http://Pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en)

Media Ownership Monitor Egypt

Reporters Without Borders (2019), 687 pp.

"A hostile takeover of Egypt’s media is under way, leaving the influence on public opinion to be controlled by the state, the secret services and a few wealthy owners loyal to the regime and with close ties to the former president Hosni Mubarak. In a move to gain influence over the State-owned med ... more

Legal Assessment: Contextualization for the Media Ownership Monitor, Lebanon 2018

Youmna Yazbek

Reporters Without Borders (2018), 10 pp.

Media Ownership Monitor Albania

Reporters Without Borders;Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) (2018), 871 pp.

"The boundaries between media, politics and business have always been blurry in Albania. However, because of the small size and the high number of outlets the market was perceived by some local observers as vibrant and plural. However, a joint research project between Reporters Without Borders and t ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Mexico

Reporters Without Borders;Centro Nacional de Comunicación Social (Cencos) (2018), 1547 pp.

"Mexico’s booming media industry is controlled by some of the richest businessmen on earth. While the sector grows at a rate three times that of the overall economy, an alarming concentration of media ownership goes hand in hand with the well-known lack of safety for Mexico’s journalists, many o ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Tanzania

Reporters Without Borders;Media Council of Tanzania (2018), 739 pp.

"Only a few media companies have a predominant market position and thus a potentially high influence on public opinion in Tanzania. Whereas the regulatory framework should in theory safeguard media pluralism and prevent media concentration, it shows considerable gaps in practice. Moreover, the legal ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Sri Lanka

Reporters Without Borders;Verité Research (2018), 825 pp.

"Viewership, listenership and readership in the Sri Lankan media market is highly concentrated among a few media owners, many of whom have political affiliations. Limited access to ownership information and a number of regulatory shortcomings pose a further threat to media pluralism in the country." ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Lebanon

Reporters Without Borders;Samir Kassir Foundation (2018), 1323 pp.

"The seemingly buzzing Lebanese media market is, in fact, controlled by only a few highly politicized owners that are either directly affiliated with political parties or belong to Lebanese dynasties. Additional threats to media pluralism arise from clear editorial lines defined by politics, close t ... more

Power Structure in Chilean News Media

Jorge Bahamonde, Johan Bollen, Erick Elejalde, Leo Ferres, Barbara Poblete

Plos One, volume 13, issue 6 (2018), 18 pp.

"To study the effects of consolidation and ownership on news diversity, we model the diversity of Chilean coverage on the basis of ownership records and social media data. We create similarity networks of news outlets on the basis of their ownership and the topics they cover. We then examine the rel ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Brazil

Reporters Without Borders;Intervozes (2017), 925 pp.

"Power in Brazil means family business, both traditionally and to this very day. Dynasties of landowners known as “Colonels” extend their territorial claims to the airwaves, combining economic and political interests with tight control of public opinion. Neither digital technology and the rise o ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Ghana

Reporters Without Borders;Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) (2017), 567 pp.

"The Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) reveals a high level of audience concentration in various media sectors. An almost maximum concentration was found among the printed press, where the top four media companies (Graphic Communications Group Limited, New Times Corporation, Western Publications Limited ... more

Media Ownership Monitor Morocco

Reporters Without Borders;Le Desk (2017), 618 pp.

"Nine of the 36 media companies involved in Morocco’s most influential media are directly linked to the state, the government or the royal family. Four of them – SOREAD, SNRT, EcoMedias and Horizon Press – are among the most important media companies in terms of turnover and show the potential ... more

In the Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy
Top Insights

Anya Schiffrin (ed.)

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 162 pp.

"In this volume of essays edited by Anya Schiffrin, media capture is shown to be a growing phenomenon linked both to the resurgence of authoritarian governments as well as to the structural weaknesses presently afflicting media markets. In this environment, political figures and economic elites are ... more