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What if Scale Breaks Community? Rebooting Audience Engagement when Journalism is Under Fire
Inspiring Practice

Julie Posetti, Felix Simon, Nabeelah Shabbir

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 51 pp.

"This report focuses on how digital-born news media navigate audience engagement in the context of both rapid developments in a digital, mobile, and platform-dominated media environment and significant political pressure, including the ‘weaponisation’ of social media to target and harass indepen ... more

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How Young People Consume News and the Implications for Mainstream Media
Top Insights

Flamingo

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 63 pp.

"Younger audiences are different from older groups not just in what they do, but in their core attitudes in terms of what they want from the news. Young people are primarily driven by progress and enjoyment in their lives, and this translates into what they look for in news. They still need and want ... news to connect their world to the world – and fulfil an array of different social and personal needs – but they don’t necessarily see the traditional media as the best or only way to do that. News media is now competing for attention with myriad other distractions, and there is a high level of ‘background’ or ‘indirect’ exposure to news (through social media, other online conversations, documentaries and TV shows, etc.). They don’t need to seek it out, news comes to them. Finally, much of the excitement and gravitas for younger people is on the periphery of the news space (infotainment, lifestyle, cultural, grassroots, bloggers and vloggers). All this means there is a disconnect; traditional news media no longer seems as relevant or as dominant when it comes to news content. In a simplified way, how news brands and young people view the role and value of news is different: Traditional news brands see news as: what you should know. Young audiences see news as: what you should know (to an extent), but also what is useful to know, what is interesting to know, and what is fun to know. And the role of news for young people appears primarily individualistic; it’s about what it can do for them as individuals – rather than for society as a whole. While it’s true that the industry is moving towards producing more content of this kind, most traditional news brands are still not associated with being useful, interesting or fun. The study also revealed that the differences in the relationships young people have with the news depend on three key areas: the moment, the person and the medium. Four key news moments (dedicated, updated, time-filler, and intercepted) are described in detail, as are four types of news consumer (Heritage News Consumers, Dedicated News Devotees, Passive News Absorbers, and Proactive News Lovers). The impact of the various media is also investigated, revealing key roles, usage, pros and cons of platforms including Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Reddit and podcasts." (Publisher description) more

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Case Studies in Collaborative Local Journalism

Joy Jenkins, Lucas Graves

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 46 pp.

"This report is based on more than 30 interviews with key figures in high-profile collaborative journalism experiments in three different countries, including journalists as well as senior management, community organisers, data analysts, technical experts, and others. The three primary cases feature ... d are the Bureau Local (UK), ‘L’Italia Delle Slot’ (Italy), and Lännen Media (Finland). We also interviewed the director of CORRECTIV.Lokal, an initiative in Germany seeking to replicate the work of the Bureau Local. These cases reflect three distinct models of collaboration: (1) a permanent network of journalists and non-journalists engaged in topic-driven reporting projects (the Bureau Local); (2) legacy and start-up news organisations working together on a single extended investigation (‘L’Italia Delle Slot’); and (3) regional news organisations sharing content through a collaborative newsroom (Lännen Media). These initiatives involve both similar and divergent approaches to network building, project development, and content distribution. Two of the collaborations focus on publishing high-impact stories simultaneously across multiple outlets; the Bureau Local pursues multiple projects each year, while ‘L’Italia Delle Slot’ is a time-limited project focused on one subject. The third collaboration, Lännen Media, includes journalists working in newsrooms around Finland to produce national and international reporting shared among 12 member newspapers. We find that these very different initiatives feature many common elements that offer potential lessons for other local newsrooms: Each collaboration is designed to facilitate concrete forms of resource sharing – of both human and technical resources – while minimising potential competitive friction among the individuals and organisations involved. All three collaborations feature diverse and dispersed networks, and are dedicated to creating connections, both virtually and in person, to allow for knowledge-sharing, skills enhancement, and mentorship. They also aim to engage participants as equal partners in editorial processes. Participants suggest that collaborative approaches have allowed them to report on topics they would not typically cover as well as engage with familiar subjects in more comprehensive ways. Many said they have also learned how to better incorporate data and multimedia elements into their reporting. Two of the collaborations embrace strategies that allow them to connect with communities to tell their stories. The Bureau Local and ‘L’Italia Delle Slot’ have worked to build partnerships with individuals and organisations affected by the issues they cover, while Lännen Media journalists aim for coverage with broad appeal that doesn’t favour particular localities." (Publisher description) more

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Lessons in Innovation: How International News Organisations Combat Disinformation Through Mission-Driven Journalism
Inspiring Practice

Julie Posetti, Felix Simon, Nabeelah Shabbir

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 41 pp.

"This report examines how digital-born news media in the Global South have developed innovative reporting and storytelling practices in response to growing disinformation problems. Based on field observation and interviews at Rappler in the Philippines, Daily Maverick in South Africa, and The Quint ... more

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Glasnost! Nine Ways Facebook Can Make Itself a Better Forum for Free Speech and Democracy

Timothy Garton Ash, Robert Gorwa, Danae Metaxa

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 27 pp.

"Following multiple controversies in the past two years, Facebook is seeking to implement much needed processes for self-regulation and governance to help regain the trust of the public, politicians, and regulatory authorities. Facebook has thus entered a new era of cautious glasnost, inviting resea ... more

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Satire and Protest: The Middle East Through Egyptian Cartoons

Nirvana El Saied

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 23 pp.

"This paper aims at examining how Egyptian popular culture shapes perception of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict through the widespread medium of political cartoons. The paper examines cartoons published in Egyptian newspapers after the American president, Donald Trump, announced in 2017 that th ... more

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Fighting Words: Journalism Under Assault in Central and Eastern Europe

Meera Selva

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 30 pp.

"To understand the situation and examine what can be done to address it, we sent out a questionnaire to journalists in 16 countries in the region, asking them about the state of press freedom and the areas in which they felt their ability to work was being curtailed.We also asked them about sources ... more

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The Evolving Indian Media Market: Succeeding Through Localisation

Chanpreet Arora

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 44 pp.

"India, with about 1.3 billion people, has a teledensity of 91% with 1.7 billion mobile connections and 700 million unique subscribers. There are 525 million internet users led by mobile internet. Mobile, therefore, is now the primary screen in India. It is disrupting media consumption patterns as i ... more

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Beyond the Comfort Zone: Western Journalists in the Newsrooms of South and Southeast Asia

Tomasz Augustyniak

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 69 pp.

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Local Media in Brazil: Draining the Newsrooms in the Country’s Poorest Region

Murillo Camarotto

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 30 pp.

"In spite of being one of the poorest places in Brazil, Pernambuco has historically had a combative and awarded local media. Until recently, local reporters had been winning the most important national journalism prizes with inspiring local stories and initiatives. This context has been changing dra ... more

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Digital News Report 2019
Top Insights

Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (eds.)

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 153 pp.

"Despite the efforts of the news industry, we find only a small increase in the numbers paying for any online news – whether by subscription, membership, or donation. Growth is limited to a handful of countries mainly in the Nordic region (Norway 34%, Sweden 27%) while the number paying in the US ... (16%) remains stable after a big jump in 2017. • Even in countries with higher levels of payment, the vast majority only have ONE online subscription – suggesting that ‘winner takes all’ dynamics are likely to be important. One encouraging development though is that most payments are now ‘ongoing’, rather than one-offs. In some countries, subscription fatigue may also be setting in, with the majority preferring to spend their limited budget on entertainment (Netflix/Spotify) rather than news. With many seeing news as a ‘chore’, publishers may struggle to substantially increase the market for high-priced ‘single title’ subscriptions. As more publishers launch pay models, over two-thirds (70%) of our sample in Norway and half (50%) in the United States now come across one or more barriers each week when trying to read online news. In many countries, people are spending less time with Facebook and more time with WhatsApp and Instagram than this time last year. Few users are abandoning Facebook entirely, though, and it remains by far the most important social network for news. Social communication around news is becoming more private as messaging apps continue to grow everywhere. WhatsApp has become a primary network for discussing and sharing news in non-Western countries like Brazil (53%) Malaysia (50%), and South Africa (49%). People in these countries are also far more likely than in the West to be part of large WhatsApp groups with people they don’t know – a trend that reflects how messaging applications can be used to easily share information at scale, potentially encouraging the spread of misinformation. Public and private Facebook Groups discussing news and politics have become popular in Turkey (29%) and Brazil (22%) but are much less used in Western countries such as Canada (7%) or Australia (7%). Concern about misinformation and disinformation remains high despite efforts by platforms and publishers to build public confidence. In Brazil 85% agree with a statement that they are worried about what is real and fake on the internet." (Summary, page 9) more

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Infographics, New Media and Media Consumption Habits in Nigeria

Chineme Carl Okafor

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 52 pp.

"This study engages in a comparative analysis of the history, importance, and benefits of infographics, in general, and in the media, in particular in Nigeria. It looks at the history of the Nigerian press, as well as the scale of use of infographics and new media tools in communicating business sto ... more

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The Fact-Checking Preferences of Africacheck.org's Audiences in Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa

Anim van Wyk

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 18 pp.

"Africa Check, the continent’s first independent fact-Checking organisation of which I was chief editor until July 2019, has itself expanded exponentially. The organisation –a non-profit mainly funded by large foundations– launched in 2012 in South Africa with a junior researcher and part-time ... more

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Online Audience Engagement with Legacy and Digital-Born News Media in the 2019 Indian Elections

Silvia Majó-Vázquez, Subhayan Mukerjee, Taberez Ahmed Neyazi, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 16 pp.

"In this factsheet, we study online audience engagement with legacy and digital-born news media across social media platforms (Facebook and Twitter) and the open web during the 2019 Indian General Election on the basis of data collected between 11 April and 19 May. We analyse cross-platform online a ... more

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Global Teamwork: The Rise of Collaboration in Investigative Journalism

Richard Sambrook (ed.)

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), vi, 107 pp.

"Recent major leaks of documents and data have seen new approaches to investigative journalism develop. Collaboration across countries and across organisations has been necessary to share the scale of the investigation, share expertise, and co-ordinate publication to maximise impact. This new model ... more

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Measuring the Reach of 'Fake News' and Online Disinformation in Europe

Richard Fletcher, Alessio Cornia, Lucas Graves, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 10 pp.

"The purpose of this RISJ factsheet is to provide toplevel usage statistics for the most popular sites that independent fact-checkers and other observers have identified as publishers of false news and online disinformation in two European countries: France and Italy. We focus specifically on sites ... that independent fact-checkers have shown to publish demonstrably false news and information, whether for profit or for ideological/political purposes. This constitutes a more clearly defined subset of a wider range of issues sometimes discussed using the broad, vague, and politicized term “fake news”. We examine France and Italy as two particularly important cases, as both are widely seen as facing serious issues with forprofit and ideologically/politically motivated online disinformation. Based on a starting sample of around 300 websites in each country that independent fact-checkers have identified as publishers of false news (which, on this basis, we refer to as “false news sites”), we focus on measuring these sites’ reach, attention, and number of interactions on Facebook. We provide context by comparing these figures with equivalent data for a small selection of the most widely-used French and Italian news brands. We find that: • None of the false news websites we considered had an average monthly reach of over 3.5% in 2017, with most reaching less than 1% of the online population in both France and Italy. By comparison, the most popular news websites in France (Le Figaro) and Italy (La Repubblica) had an average monthly reach of 22.3% and 50.9%, respectively; • The total time spent with false news websites each month is lower than the time spent with news websites. The most popular false news websites in France were viewed for around 10 million minutes per month, and for 7.5 million minutes in Italy. People spent an average of 178 million minutes per month with Le Monde, and 443 million minutes with La Repubblica—more than the combined time spent with all 20 false news sites in each sample; • Despite clear differences in terms of website access, the level of Facebook interaction (defined as the total number of comments, shares, and reactions) generated by a small number of false news outlets matched or exceeded that produced by the most popular news brands. In France, one false news outlet generated an average of over 11 million interactions per month—five times greater than more established news brands. However, in most cases, in both France and Italy, false news outlets do not generate as many interactions as established news brands." (Pages 1-2) more

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Should Journalists Campaign on Climate Change? What Happened When Journalists in a Global Media Organization Turned Climate Change Activists

Ingerid Salvesen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 44 pp.

"Inspired by the research agenda set out by Fazey et al. (2018) for climate researchers mentioned earlier, one can argue that the most critical question for journalism is no longer about solely informing about the problem of climate change, but about engaging in the how-to of transformative changes ... more

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Investigative Journalism in Africa: An Exploratory Study of Non-Profit Investigative Journalism Organizations in Africa

Ntibinyane Ntibinyane

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 99 pp.

"This exploratory study [.] argues that in a continent where traditional media organizations are increasingly failing to hold power to account, not-for-profit organizations are leading by example, setting the agenda and constantly scrutinizing those in power. This study further looks at the motivati ... more

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Showing the Way: How Big Pakistani Media Groups Are Leading the Surge in Data Journalism

Maleeha Hamid Siddiqui

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 30 pp.

"Investigative journalism in Pakistan has a long and often violent history. Reporters face death threats, prison sentences and law suits but continue to publish. In her paper, Maleeha Siddiqui looks at how data journalism has given Pakistani journalists new tools to carry out their jobs, and suggest ... more

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How Media Companies Use Data to Sign Up Digital Subscribers (and Keep Them)

Michael Leitner

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 36 pp.

"Journalist fellow Michael Leitner takes a deep dive into media organisations who already use data to efficiently acquire, engage and furthermore keep subscribers. Do we need automated paywalls, and what data do we need to use to keep readers interested? Key Insights: Dynamic paywalls are no silver ... more

What if Scale Breaks Community? Rebooting Audience Engagement when Journalism is Under Fire Inspiring Practice

How Young People Consume News and the Implications for Mainstream Media Top Insights

Lessons in Innovation: How International News Organisations Combat Disinformation Through Mission-Driven Journalism Inspiring Practice

Digital News Report 2019 Top Insights

What if Scale Breaks Community? Rebooting Audience Engagement when Journalism is Under Fire
Inspiring Practice

How Young People Consume News and the Implications for Mainstream Media
Top Insights

Lessons in Innovation: How International News Organisations Combat Disinformation Through Mission-Driven Journalism
Inspiring Practice

Digital News Report 2019
Top Insights