"Sustainability is a serious threat to independent media in the developing world. Consumers of independent media in developing countries are generally reluctant to pay for access. The main findings with regard to business models for independent media models are: The sales model of revenue generation is in peril across the world. There are a few examples of independent media outlets which generate revenue from memberships, subscriptions and sponsorships in Latin America and the Middle East; The advertising model is generally in decline and there is no consensus regarding the viability of this model for independent media in developing countries; The Quint and The Scroll are examples of successful independent media start-ups in India which earn revenue from advertising. In addition there are a few examples of independent news websites in developing countries which earn revenue from native advertising, banner ads and affiliate marketing; Mixed revenue models or cross-subsidising of media businesses with complimentary forprofit business activities is growing in developing countries; Crowdfunding has been used by a few media outlets in Europe and Latin America; Donations have a poor record for raising revenue in developing countries; Not for profit media are growing in developing countries, such as The Wire and Khabar Laharyia in India. However, limited case study evidence indicates that they have not yet found a sustainable business model." (Summary, page 3)