"Increasing number of reports, initiatives and efforts are focused on addressing women’s ability to enjoy universal, acceptable, affordable, unconditional, open, meaningful and/or equal access to information, the internet and ICTs. These include, but are not limited to, the recent work of civil so...ciety organisations, research institutions, various private sector organisations and intergovernmental organisations. There is also a widely acknowledged need for more gender-disaggregated data to accurately measure “gender digital divides”. But there also needs to be more locally relevant data (as opposed to aggregated data at a global level) to better understand underlying local factors and circumstances that hinder women of specifc regions in the global South from accessing and using ICTs, the internet and/or information. But why access is important perhaps also needs to be interrogated from a feminist perspective, which entails not taking for granted that access to ICTs is necessarily a positive and empowering development. What is also relevant is to view the dynamics of race, caste, region (urban-rural), ableism, age and other factors, in relation to gender and access." (Conclusion, p.98)
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"Over 68% of countries in Africa have a Universal Service and Access Fund (USAF) in place; 62% of these funds are active. Just 3 of the 37 countries with USAFs have universal access policies that explicitly aim to connect women and girls through the fund. Just 23 African countries openly publish det...ails on their USAF activities. There is US$177 million sitting unspent in USAFs across the 13 African countries where these financial details are available. Across all 37 USAFs in Africa, unspent funds total an estimated US$408 million. This amount could bring approximately 6 million women online, or could be used to provide digital skills training to nearly 16 million women and girls. Disbursement rates for USAF funds are low, averaging around just 54% in 2016. Just four of the USAFs studied carry a zero balance: Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Rwanda and Uganda." (Executive summary, p.3)
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"The television broadcasting culture of Pakistan was changed dramatically in 2002. The President, General Pervez Musharraf, introduced a policy of liberalisation that enabled controversial issues such as honour killings, adultery, stoning to death, domestic violence, marriage after divorce and homos...exuality to be increasingly depicted on screen. Women and TV Culture in Pakistan is the first in-depth analysis of this change in television content. Munira Cheema focuses on how 'gender issues' are dealt with on TV and examines the impact this has on female viewers. In Pakistan, television is often the only way in which women can access the public sphere (except through male guardians) and this book evaluates how TV content allows them to navigate their intersecting identities as Muslims, women and Pakistanis. At a time when religious conservatism is on the rise in the country, this book investigates why producers choose to focus on gender-based issues and the extent to which religion dictates social behaviour and broadcasting choices. Based on interviews with women viewers in Karachi as well as industry professionals including writers, directors and ratings experts, the research is a much-needed and original contribution to global television studies and gender studies." (Publisher)
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"We found that knowledge around digital security amongst women in Kampala is quite low. A high proportion of women have been victims of cyberbullying without any obvious routes to seeking justice against perpetrators. There is an urgency for law enforcement and government to hand down stricter penal...ties for offenders and to provide measures that protect women from online gender-based violence. Furthermore, there is a large role for service providers and civil society to play in building the capacity of women to take precautionary steps to protect their online identities as well as to advocate for regulations and policies that can readily address the growing and changing threats to digital safety and security. As more women continue to access the internet, we must focus on keeping the internet a safe space where these women can benefit rather than become victims of violence and fraud." (Conclusions)
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"This document presents findings from a rapid review of available literature on what has worked to prevent cyber violence against women and girls. Key findings include: There is limited data on cyber violence against women and girls (VAWG) in general, and particularly on what works to prevent it ...... There are powerful international human rights frameworks which could be used to prevent cyber VAWG ... However, the effectiveness of international human rights frameworks and laws is constrained by gaps in specialised national legislative and policy measures, mechanisms, procedures and expertise/skills ... There are guidelines for social media companies but there are severe problems in getting them to enforce them/follow up ... School-based interventions have potential to take primary prevention of cyber VAWG to scale ... Various apps and online tools have been developed, but these are mostly not evaluated ... Importance of contextualised, bottom up responses which acknowledge and address socio-cultural norms ... Social media and the internet have also been used by women for online advocacy to combat VAWG." (Overview, p.1-2)
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"In low- and middle-income countries women are 10% less likely than men to own a mobile phone. Over 1.2 billion women do not use mobile internet. There is a significant gender gap in mobile usage - particularly for more transformational services. Women in South Asia are 26% less likely to own a mobi...le than men and 70% less likely to use mobile internet. Cost is the greatest barrier to both mobile ownership and to mobile internet use. Other key barriers, often felt more strongly by women than men, include lack of perceived relevance, safety and security-related issues and low digital literacy and literacy. Women are less aware of mobile internet compared with men." (Key findings)
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"This toolkit is aimed at a wide range of audiences interested in conducting both qualitative and quantitative research on women’s internet access and use. The primary target audience are researchers and research agencies who have skills and practice in conducting quantitative and/or qualitative r...esearch. They can use this toolkit as a guideline for incorporating gender into their research studies, helping deliver comparable data on this topic that can build a global picture of the internet access and use gender gap." (p.6)
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"Campaigns are likely to be more successful when they include messages about legal penalties for non-compliant behaviour and fresh information, and when they reach a large proportion of the intended audience. Digital campaigns must therefore work alongside laws and policies. Legislation can be a key... tool in changing behaviour and perceptions of cultural and social norms. Laws and policies that make violent behaviour an offence send a message to society that it is not acceptable.Success is more likely if messages are tailored to audiences using social marketing principles and create a supportive environment that enables the intended audience to make changes – e.g. by mobilising communities in support of the campaign.To develop effective campaigns, it is also important to use research, such as interviews with key stakeholders and focus groups with members of the target audience, to determine existing attitudes and beliefs and ways of motivating people to change their behaviour.Campaign messages should also be pre-tested to ensure they are understood correctly and to minimize any unintended negative effects.The most successful interventions work with experienced organisations to develop and deliver sophisticated television/radio programming and communications combined with community mobilisation strategies aimed at changing gender-related norms and behaviours." (Overview, p.3)
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"This rapid literature review collates findings from recently published papers on digital development and gender, highlighting some of the most commonly discussed discussions related to economic, social and political development. As the scope of this query is very large, this review provides an illu...stration of some of the commonly identified issues in the literature. The digital inclusion agenda seeks to close the gaps in access to, and adoption of, fast evolving information and communication technology (ICT) services, particularly mobile phones and the internet. It is an important aspect of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as both an end and a means to the cross-cutting policy aim of ‘leaving no one behind’. The potential gains from digital technologies are high, however they often remain unrealised, especially for women and girls (World Bank, 2016)." (Overview, p.2)
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"The purpose of the training workshop in this manual is to improve the skills of media professionals and communication officers in reporting gender-based violence in humanitarian crisis settings; to enhance the quality of reporting by instilling ethical principles; and to increase awareness among th...e general population and decision makers of the importance of gender-based violence as a health and human rights problem, and its common occurrence." (p.8)
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"Women on average are 14% less likely to own a mobile phone than men, which translates into 200 million fewer women than men owning mobile phones. Women in South Asia are 38% less likely to own a phone than men, highlighting that the gender gap in mobile phone ownership is wider in certain parts of ...the world. Even when women own mobile phones, there is a significant gender gap in mobile phone usage, which prevents them from reaping the full benefits of mobile phone ownership. Women report using phones less frequently and intensively than men, especially for more sophisticated services such as mobile internet. In most countries, fewer women than men who own phones report using messaging and data services beyond voice. Cost remains the greatest barrier overall to owning and using a mobile phone, particularly for women, who often have less financial independence than men." (Executive summary)
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"This article discusses the trial of visual research methods in a socio-economic research and development project with women subsistence farmers and their families in two regions of Papua New Guinea. It reports on the benefits and challenges of three visual research methods (drawing, participatory p...hotography, and picture elicitation) to explore the agricultural practice of women subsistence farmers and their families. The paper discusses the potential of these methods for enhancing community engagement, reducing the power imbalance between researchers and participants, and promoting dialogue and reflection to better understand the needs and practices of subsistence farmers." (Abstract)
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"This study explores the spatial politics of Othering and whether women are marginalized in political conversations online in India. It's methodology consists of an analysis of 23,350 tweets over an eight-day period. It shows a significant underrepresentation of women in Twitter's political conversa...tions, which mirrors a real-world marginalization of women in India's political processes." (Abstract)
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"Education and language skills are the main factors that influence which platform women access most frequently. Daily TV use is similar for men and women but women tend to lag men in frequent radio and internet use. Once a country reaches a critical mass in mobile penetration, gaps between both male... and female ownership levels decrease. The largest gaps exist in countries that are still developing mobile capacity." (Summary, p.35)
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"Premiering in 2006, Ugly Betty, the award-winning US hit show about unglamorous but kind-hearted Betty Suarez (America Ferrera),is the latest incarnation of a worldwide phenomenon that started life as a Colombian telenovela,Yo soy Betty, la fea, back in 1999. The tale of the ugly duckling has since... taken an extraordinary global journey and become the most successful telenovela to date. This groundbreaking book asks what the Yo soy Betty, la fea / Ugly Betty phenomenon can tell us about the international circulation of locally produced TV fictions as the Latin American telenovela is sold to, and/or re-made-officially and unofficially-for different national contexts. The contributors explore what Betty has to say about the tensions between the commercial demands of multimedia conglomerates and the regulatory forces of national broadcasters as well as the international ambitions of national TV industries and their struggle in competitive markets. They also investigate what this international trade tells us about cultural storytelling and audience experience, as well as ideologies of feminine beauty and myths of female desire and aspiration. TV's Betty Goes Global features original interviews with buyers and schedulers, writers, story editors and directors, including the creator of Yo soy Betty, la fea, Fernando Gaitan." (Publisher)
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"This cultivation study examined the effects of South Korean soap operas on Vietnamese female audiences. It also assessed cultivation effects in combination with the theory of reasoned action. Based on a survey of 439 female viewers, it explicated the link between South Korean soap opera consumption... and the emergent phenomenon of transnational marriages involving Vietnamese women and South Korean men. Cultivation effects were confirmed in an international setting. Results also have important real-world implications." (Abstract)
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"The guidelines are intended to ensure that all actors who play a role in facilitating or engaging in media reporting on gender-based violence (GBV) are aware of and able to prioritize the ethical and safety considerations that preserve the safety, confidentiality and dignity of survivors, their fam...ilies, their communities, and those who are trying to help them. The audience for these guidelines is two-fold: first, the guidelines are meant to support those actors who are working in humanitarian contexts to address the needs of GBV survivors, e.g. as part of a UN, NGO or Government entity, including senior management of these organisations. Second, the guidelines propose best practices for journalists and other media professionals who are reporting on GBV in emergency contexts." (p.1)
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"Based on a year's research from within a Brazilian slum, this study follows a series of unemployed women who watch up to six hours of telenovelas a day, often in the midst of arduous physical labour in the home. The women suffer in relation to their bodies, but simultaneously invest in a masochisti...c glorification of suffering that links their lives to the soap operas, revealing disturbing valuations of the female body that traverse reality and fiction. Through its exploration of this daily integration of real suffering and fictional glamour and wealth, 'Body Parts on Planet Slum' reveals how fantasy and social exclusion can together induce a form of psychological survivalism, enabling these women to reconfigure the central features of their existence – their suffering, pleasure, sexuality and embodiment." (Publisher)
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"ASTRA SOS Hotline started its operation in 2002. Since then, almost ten thousand calls have been received. So far it has served as the only SOS hotline intended for (potential) victims of traffi cking in persons in the Republic of Serbia; at the time of its setting up it was one of the rare service...s of the kind in South-East Europe. During the fi rst eight years of work a methodology has been developed, results achieved, some of the dilemmas have not yet been solved and the new ones have appeared. We would like to share our experiences with the expert public. We also nourish hope that our long-term experience in this fi eld, although we are pretty much self-taught, will be useful for those who are planning to establish a similar hotline. We believe that this Manual will also help the ones who have organized other types of SOS telephones (for fighting family violence, violence against children, etc.), because traffi cking in human beings may be a consequence of some other form of violence or may be hidden behind it. Although the Manual is intended for individuals who already have some experience in the anti-traffi cking fi eld, we nevertheless start with a brief defi nition and description of the problem for the sake of those who might be faced with this form of severe human rights violation for the first time. At the very start, principles and methodology of work that had been developed for ten preceding years in the Belgrade women’s NGOs that were engaged in anti-violence activities, particularly the SOS Hotline and Centre for Girls and the Autonomous Women’s Centre were the basis for our work, and we would like to avail ourselves of this opportunity to thank them. ASTRA SOS Hotline has been developing its activities by directly following fi eld actions and trends related to traffi cking of human beings; we have adapted the accepted principles and work methods according to circumstances in this new and totally diff erent scope. Of utmost importance are our contacts with partner organizations in the region and beyond, i.e. meetings where we have exchanged our experiences. Unfortunately, conferences on the SOS hotlines are very rare. This is the reason why we would like to present in this Manual experiences of other SOS telephones, both in Serbia and in South-Eastern Europe, as well as certain tendencies in the member states of the European Union." (Preface)
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