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Journalists' Safety & Resilience

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Evaluación de riesgos de periodistas de Veracruz

Javier Garza Ramos, Jorge Lius Sierra, Celia Guerrero

Centro Internacional para Periodistas (2015), 14 pp.

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Making Secondary Trauma a Primary Issue: A Study of Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on the Digital Frontline

Sam Dubberley, Elizabeth Griffin, Haluk Mert Bal

Istanbul: Eyewitness Media Hub (2015), 69 pp.

"The rapid and incredible growth of eyewitness media (also known as user-generated content or UGC) has led to the emergence of a new cadre of journalists, humanitarian and human rights professionals whose job it is to seek out, verify and edit the most disturbing and traumatic raw images captured by ... non professionals and posted online. These professionals are tasked with viewing and sifting through massive volumes of eyewitness media - that is, raw, unedited, authentic footage now captured regularly on smartphones - to enhance their investigations, reporting, operations, prosecutions and advocacy. Professionals who work with eyewitness media watch disturbing footage from war zones, natural and manmade disasters and accidents over and over again to verify its veracity and to edit out images that are deemed too extreme for viewing by the general public. Viewing traumatic images of death, destruction, blood and unimaginable horrors all day every day - often for years on end - is now an integral part of the daily work of many desk-bound staff working for news, human rights and humanitarian organisations who are often located thousands of miles away from where the actual horrors occur. Whether it is a broadcaster, publisher, human rights or humanitarian professional, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are now evident amongst staff working in offices on what we call the digital frontline. This study builds upon previous research that proved that viewing distressing eyewitness media can lead psychological injury, including, but not restricted to, such conditions as PTSD and major depression. The principle aim of this research is to explore the following questions: How much distressing eyewitness media are professionals, who work in the three professional sectors, watching? How frequently, and in what volumes are professionals viewing distressing eyewitness media? What kinds of eyewitness media do professionals find particularly distressing?" What coping mechanisms, if any, have been developed by staff to help mitigate the potentially negative effects of viewing distressing content? - What support, if any, do professionals receive from their organisations and senior managers? - Does organisational culture encourage or prevent professionals from requesting support from their organisation’s hierarchy? What training and preparation is provided to raise awareness of or mitigate the adverse impact of trauma exposure on university graduates, newcomers and those established in post? What resources do organisations provide to prevent, mitigate and treat the adverse impact of trauma exposure? Which of those resources have been used? Which are found to be the most useful? What do staff who experience vicarious trauma need and expect from their organisations in order to support them? Based on an online survey (to which we received 209 responses from people working with eyewitness media across all three professional sectors) and 38 in-depth, anonymous interviews we find that: the impact of eyewitness media on journalism, human rights and humanitarian work means that the frontline is no longer geographic. A new type of frontline has emerged that is digital. Staff at an organisation’s headquarters who work with eyewitness media do so daily and often see more horror on a daily basis compared to their counterparts deployed in the field. Consequently, organisations have a duty of care towards office based staff working on the digital frontline who are at serious risk of vicarious trauma and PTSD [...] " (Executive summary, page 3-5) more

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Información entre el terror y el centavo: Derecho humano de libre información en el Valle del Cauca

Reporteros sin Fronteras; Federación Colombiana de Periodistas (Fecolper) (2015), 17 pp.

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Risk and journalism in the digital age

Adrian Hadland

African Journalism Studies, volume 36, issue 1 (2015), pp. 129-134

"The shocking beheading of several Western journalists during 2014, including the Americans Steven Sotloff and James Foley and the Briton David Haines, and the wide dissemination of their murder videos on the Internet, is a graphic, gruesome signal that something has changed in the relationship betw ... more

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Journalism at Risk: Threats, Challenges and Perspectives

Strasbourg: Council of Europe (2015), 272 pp.

"Is journalism under threat? The image of journalists, as helmeted war correspondents protected by bullet-proof vests and armed only with cameras and microphones, springs to mind. Physical threats are only the most visible dangers, however. Journalists and journalism itself are facing other threats ... more

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Manual antiespías: Herramientas para la protección digital de periodistas

Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP) (2015), 63 pp.

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Secrets, lies, and journalist-spies: The contemporary moral dilemma for Bulgarian media professionals

Lada Trifonova Price

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 20, issue 2 (2015), pp. 185-203

"The subject of this article is the issue of journalist-spies in the Bulgarian media before and after the fall of communism in 1989. The focus is on the perceptions of Bulgarian journalists on the role alleged secret service collaborators played, and continue to play, in the postcommunist society an ... more

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Bravery or Bravado? The Protection of News Providers in Armed Conflict

Nina Burri

Brill (2015), xviii, 450 pp.

"During the last decade, the image of war correspondents in the news has shifted dramatically. Reports are no longer full of cheerleading stories of embedded journalists. Instead, stories of war reporters being attacked, kidnapped or injured prevail. Sadly, the former heroic witnesses to war have be ... more

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Civil War in Syria: The psychological effects on journalists

Anthony Feinstein, Stephen Starr

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 7, issue 1 (2015), pp. 57-64

"Purpose: More journalists died in Syria during 2013 than in any other country experiencing conflict. This statistic raises concerns about the psychological wellbeing of journalists covering the internecine violence. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach: The study sample ... more

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Prevent and Punish: In Search of Solutions to Fight Violence Against Journalists

Eduardo Bertoni

Paris: UNESCO (2015), 25 pp.

"This paper serves as an overview of the global pattern of crimes committed against media workers, the impunity connected with such acts, and the steps both the international community and individual states have taken to confront the situation. The first chapter introduces the magnitude of the trend ... more

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Violencia y periodismo regional en México

Celia del Palacio (ed.)

México: Juan Pablos Editor (2015), 458 pp.

"La temporalidad del presente estudio comprende el periodo 2006-2015, que corresponde a los sexenios de Felipe Calderón Hinojosa y una parte del de Enrique Peña Nieto, periodo en el que, según muestran los informes de agencias nacionales e internacionales, la violencia contra los periodistas en e ... more

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The psychological effects of reporting extreme violence: A study of Kenyan journalists

Anthony Feinstein, Justus Wanga, John Owen

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Open, volume 6, issue 9 (2015), pp. 1-6

"Objective: To assess the psychological health of journalists in Kenya who have reported on, and been exposed to, extreme violence. Design: Descriptive. Psychological responses were elicited to two stressors, the ethnic violence surrounding the disputed 2007 general election and the Al-Shabab attack ... more

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Safety Net Manual: Guidelines for Journalists in Extraordinary or Emergency Situations

Saša Lekovic, Jorgos Papadakis, Slaðana Matejevic

Vienna: South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) (2015), 78 pp.

"This manual contains definitions, advice and practical examples connected to the regular activities of media workers and media outlets in extraordinary situations, like reporting from conflict areas, during demonstrations and social unrest, about natural and other disasters, and reporting under int ... more

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OSCE Safety of Journalists Guidebook

William Horsley

Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, 2nd ed. (2014), 98 pp.

"This book sets forth the issues to be considered by the OSCE participating States when evaluating what they can do to improve the climate for journalists in their countries. It also provides a practical guide which presents the steps they can take to ensure a media-friendly environment." (https://w ... more

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Towards an effective framework of protection for the work of journalists and an end to impunity. Strasbourg, 3 November 2014: Rapporteur's conclusions

Tarlach McGonagle

Strasbourg: Seminar and Inter-regional Dialogue on the Protection of Journalists; Council of Europe; UNESCO; Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM), University of Sheffield (2014), 15 pp.

"This seminar generated discussions that were as detailed as they were dynamic. The present conclusions attempt to give a representative sense of those discussions rather than a full summary, as such. A wealth of materials – seminar presentations, a full transcript of the discussions and related i ... more

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War Reporters Under Threat: The United States and Media Freedom

Chris Paterson

Pluto Press (2014), x, 222 pp.

"War Reporters Under Threat describes the threat of violence facing war reporters from the United States government and some of its closest allies. Chris Paterson argues that what should have been the lesson for the press following the invasion of Iraq - that they will be treated instrumentally by t ... more

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Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2013: 68/163. The Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity

United Nations, General Assembly (2014), 3 pp.

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Journalism in times of violence: Social media use by US and Mexican journalists working in northern Mexico

Jeannine E Relly, Celeste González de Bustamante

Digital Journalism, volume 2, issue 4 (2014), pp. 507-523

"Mexico ranks as one of the most violent countries in the world for journalists, and especially for those who work on the country’s periphery such as its northern border. Given the dire situation for Mexican reporters covering the northern part of the country, and the continued responsibility of U ... more

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A High-Risk Profession: Risks and Costs for Mexican Democracy of Journalists in the Middle of the War against Drug Trafficking

José Antonio Rosique Cañas, Gloria Rosique Cedillo

In: Using the Narcotrafico Threat to Build Public Administration Capacity between the US and Mexico

Donald E. Klingner, Roberto Moreno Espinosa (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2014), 18 pp.

"Journalism in Mexico has become a high-risk profession. With 137 journalists killed and 14 missing since the start of the “drug wars” there, Mexico has become the Latin American country with the most crimes against journalists (Rodríguez Olvera, 2011). Between 2000 and 2011, the National Commi ... more

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Committee of Ministers: Declaration on protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors

Tarlach McGonagle

Council of Europe; European Audiovisual Observatory (2014), 3 pp.

"Note on the Declaration on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors." (Abstract)