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"We Live in Perpetual Fear": Violations and Abuses of Freedom of Expression in Somalia

London: Amnesty International (2020), 50 pp.

"For the fifth year in a row, Somalia tops the Committee to Protect Journalists’ (CPJ) Global Impunity Index on countries where those who kill journalists escape prosecution. The Somali authorities rarely investigate cases of killings or attacks on journalists, media outlets and critics. At least ... more

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Assessing the Limitations to Freedom of Expression on the Internet in Ethiopia Against the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

Yohannes Eneyew Ayalew

African Human Rights Law Journal, volume 20, issue 1 (2020), pp. 315-345

"The Ethiopian government restricts freedom of expression on the internet and has adopted extraneous limiting measures. Most of these measures are incompatable with the African Charter. Restrictions to freedom of expression on the internet include internet shutdowns, hate speech and disinformation r ... more

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COVID-19: The Role of Judicial Operators in the Protection and Promotion of the Right to Freedom of Expression: Guidelines

Joan Barata

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 13 pp.

"Judges and courts, both at national and regional levels, will find these guidelines useful to ensure the application of international and regional human rights standards of freedom of expression and privacy when ruling on cases involving States’ responses to the COVID-19 outbreak that have an imp ... more

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Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists: Annual Report, 2019

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 163 pp.

"This progress report presents the main findings and achievements of a self-evaluation exercise conducted by the responsible UNESCO project officers at Headquarters and in the relevant Field Offices." (Page 3)

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Chilling or cosy effects? Zimbabwean journalists’ experiences and the struggle for definition of self-censorship

Nhamo Anthony Mhiripiri

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes, Anna Grøndahl Larsen, Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 47-64

"The definition of censorship denotes direct or overt restriction on free expression or freedom of the media. The popular understanding of self-censorship involves a person’s involuntary self-silencing. A journalist’s wilful, personal, intentional self-censorship, at times motivated by selfish m ... more

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Securite et cybersecurité pour les journalistes tunisiens

Centre Africain de Perfectionnement des Journalistes et Communicateurs (CAPJC); Media Up Programme d’Appui aux Médias Tunisiens (2020), 79 pp.

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État des libertés sur Internet au Tchad 2019: Cartographie des tendances en matière de contrôle de l’Internet par les pouvoirs publics, 1999-2019

Simone Toussi

Kampala: CIPESA (2020), 21 pp.

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Fabrikation eines Verbrechers: Der Kriminalfall Bruno Lüdke als Mediengeschichte

Axel Doßmann, Susanne Regener

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2020), 331 pp.

"Bis in die 1990er-Jahre hinein galt der Berliner Kutscher Bruno Lüdke als brutalster Serienmörder Deutschlands - eine "Bestie in Menschengestalt". Nachdem der zwangssterilisierte Mann 1943 des Mordes an einer Frau verdächtigt und festgenommen wurde, lasteten ihm NS-Kriminalpolizisten über 50 we ... more

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State of Internet Freedom in Senegal 2019: Mapping Trends in Government Internet Controls, 1999-2019

Ashnah Kalemera, Victor Kapiyo, Paul Kimumwe et al. (eds.)

Kampala: CIPESA (2020), 17 pp.

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State of Internet Freedom in Nigeria 2019: Mapping Trends in Government Internet Controls, 1999-2019

Adaora Okoli

Kampala: CIPESA (2020), 18 pp.

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5 Year Strategy 2020-2024

Leipzig: European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF) (2020), 13 pp.

"This document sets out ECPMF’s strategic approach to tackle the existing and emerging challenges over the next five years. Starting in September 2019, the creation of this plan is the result of several stages of research, feedback from staff and board members as well as partners and beneficiaries ... more

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The Impact of COVID-19 on Digital Rights in Africa

African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms Coalition (2020), 297 pp.

"This publication is a compilation of 19 articles by African researchers, academics, journalists and human and digital rights activists on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital rights in Africa. The articles were commissioned by the African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms (AfDec ... ) Coalition as part of its project on “Securing human rights online in Africa through a strong and active ‘African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms’ network”. The AfDec Coalition is a pan-African initiative which promotes human rights standards and principles of openness in internet policy formulation and implementation on the continent, guided by the 13 principles established in the African Declaration on Internet Rights and Freedoms. At the time that the papers were commissioned, in June 2020, African states had either invoked existing policies or adopted new policies for prevention of spread, containment and treatment of the virus that had an impact on the enjoyment of digital rights. For example, most governments employed the use of contact tracing applications to track and trace citizens’ movements and put in place measures criminalising free speech when it contained false information about the pandemic. These two examples had the potential to be abused, particularly the latter, which was used to silence journalists and government critics. The pandemic also moved most citizens’ communication, education, work, trade and access to basic services from physical interactions to primilary online interactions. However, the continent is still largely made up of informal economies, has a low internet penetration rate of 28.2% (far below the global average of around 53%), and has seen an increase in reports of digital rights violations resulting from repressive cyberlaws, making the efforts to address the pandemic inadequate and inequitable. These articles offer reflective analyses on government efforts to curb the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of the AfDec principles, with a focus on a number of the principles including privacy and personal data protection, gender equality, freedom of expression, internet access and affordability, and the right to development and access to knowledge." (Introduction) more

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TikTok and WeChat: Curating and Controlling Global Information Flows

Fergus Ryan, Audrey Fritz, Daria Impiombato

Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), International Cyber Policy Centre (2020), 68 pp.

"The Chinese state has demonstrated a propensity for controlling and shaping the information environment of the Chinese diaspora—including via WeChat. The meteoric growth of TikTok has now put the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in a position from which it can shape the information environment on a ... more

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Dialling in the Law: A Comparative Assessment of Jurisprudence on Internet Shutdowns

Aayush Rathi, Arindrajit Basu

Association for Progressive Communications (APC); Cyrilla (2020), 23 pp.

"This report and the associated workbook seeks to contribute to the discourse in three ways. First, we hope to open an extensible documentation and overview of practices, experiences, and resources on the legitimisation of, and resistance to, state-backed internet shutdowns across the world. Second, ... more

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State of Internet Freedom in Burundi 2019: Mapping Trends in Government Internet Controls, 1999-2019

Ashnah Kalemera, Victor Kapiyo, Paul Kimumwe, Lillian Nalwoga, Juliet Nanfuka, Edrine Wanyama, Wairagala Wakabi (eds.)

Kampala: CIPESA (2020), 18 pp.

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Illegal assaults and treatment of journalists: A big challenge to the journalism profession in Nigeria

Adegboyega Adedolapo Ola

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 12, issue 3 (2020), pp. 151-161

"One of the greatest obstacles confronting the journalism profession in the discharge of their duties is the indiscriminate physical and digital threat being experienced by journalists all over the world, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. The continuous attacks facing journalists in Africa, mo ... more

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Media Landscapes with Religious and Ethnic Conflicts in Pakistan: The Case of Security Concerns for Journalists in Balochistan

Babrak Niaz, Malik Adnan, Sadaf Irtaza

Global Political Review, volume 5, issue 1 (2020), pp. 46-56

"This paper attempts to have insight into the media landscape of Balochistan and issues too. Balochistan is considered to be a conflict zone due to many religious and ethnic issues. The safety of journalists and media workers are a prime concern for journalistic bodies and government. The violence's ... more

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Cuando aumentan las necesidades, son aún más importantes las libertades: Los desafíos para la libertad periodística en la Argentina en la era de la pandemia, las fake news y el lawfare

Foro de Periodismo Argentino (2020), 225 pp.

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Let Free Media Thrive: Stories of Impact of the Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 19 pp.

"2019 has seen major achievements resulting from needs-based, and specifically-tailored support through the Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP). Actions building on ongoing work and others opening new avenues, have initiated substantial changes in favour of ... more

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Unshackling Expression: Philippines Report

Foundation for Media Alternatives; Cyrilla; Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2020), 44 pp.

"It may be observed that, first, at the level of public perception, government actions to restrict free speech are often preceded by statements criticizing the media and foreshadowing a penalty or sanction, which are actually directed to the public and not the media, as if to prime the latter on the ... more