"This dissertation examines media coverage of the 2011-2012 famine in Somalia by the websites of BBC News, CNN and Al Jazeera. Using both quantitative and qualitative content analyses, it asks why coverage of the famine began as late as it did, despite ample evidence of the coming famine. It further
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surveys the famine--related news reports for evidence of four paradigms through which the causes of famine can be understood; as a Malthusian competition between population and land, as a failure of food entitlements as conceived of by Sen (1981a), as critical political event (Edkins, 2004), or as an issue of criminality (Alex de Waal, 2008). Findings include a dramatic silencing of victim’s accounts of famine, despite a reliance on their photographic images, as well as an overwhelming preference for Malthusian accounts of the famine. Late media coverage is explored via a new-values paradigm which links the sudden outburst of media coverage for the famine to a formal UN declaration, and suggests that this may have created a new elite-relevance to the event which did not exist before, and therefore making it of relevance to domestic publics." (Abstract)
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"Exploring communication ecologies rather than discrete communication practices remains a difficult challenge. Indonesia: Crisis Communication Channels is one of the early attempts to develop this practice, with case-study examples [...] The three case-study disasters are: Jakarta’s January 2013 f
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loods; the ongoing low-level Rokatenda volcano eruption on Palue Island in Sikka Regency, Flores, eastern Indonesia (beginning late 2012); Aceh’s April 2012 earthquake and tsunami warning. The case studies were selected to examine crisis communication across a range of contexts: urban and rural; areas with extensive infrastructure and without; disaster with local and national profiles, and in locations with extensive preparedness efforts and without." (Page 4)
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"In early 2013, the Internews Center for Innovation and Learning (ICIL) set out to pilot a new system that allows humanitarian communications professionals and responders to quickly gather, analyze, and act upon data to understand information needs of an affected population during a crisis. The syst
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em, called the Humanitarian Data Toolkit (HDT), was piloted under a Lean Startup Model, experimenting with a relatively rough prototype as the beginning of a process of testing and iterative development. This report documents the journey of the pilot – based on our experience, working as a collaborative team testing out the effectiveness of doing an information needs assessment with the HDT in Dadaab, Kenya." (Page 3)
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"The report presents findings that pose both unique challenges and opportunities for programs seeking to provide humanitarian information to Syrian refugees in Lebanon. So far, according to the report, there is little evidence of any comprehensive strategy or investment in providing a humanitarian c
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ommunication strategy. Various agencies are employing piecemeal tactics to communication through counseling lines, SMS and face-to-face outreach, yet all of these have their limitations. Furthermore it is clear from Internews research presented here that all current outreach tactics are fundamentally undermined by a profound lack of trust and/or understanding on the part of the refugees about what they are being told, and by whom. Syria has a long history as one of the most media-oppressed countries in the world and the Syrians have a mistrust of media and officialdom in general." (Internews website)
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"This annotated bibliography compiles both peer-reviewed literature, typically sourced from academic journals, as well as a range of opinion and technical resources drawn from agencies that have a humanitarian mandate. It is important to note that this annotated bibliography does not seek to present
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an exhaustive or authoritative list, particularly given the contemporary interest in the subject and the ongoing publication of fresh insights. While a rapidly evolving field, our interest in developing this annotated bibliography is two-fold. First, this document will act as a valuable resource for a wide range of stakeholders with an interest in the role of social networking and media in complex emergencies. Second, the evidence presented here underpins a dedicated issues paper that summarises the role of social networking, social media and complex emergencies. For the purposes of this bibliography the term "complex emergencies" is deemed to cover political emergencies, conflict situations, conflict-reduction and peacekeeping processes, as well as disaster responses and associated humanitarian assistance. This bibliography contains sources derived from an extensive search from within a ten-year range (2003-2013). For the purposes of the literature search, we adopted a broad definition of social media encompassing a variety of software, websites and technologies that enable user-generated content to be uploaded and shared." (Introduction, page 3)
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"In diesem Kapitel geht es um die Rolle der Medien in der humanitären Hilfe und um das Zusammenspiel von Medien und humanitären Akteuren bei der Katastrophenberichterstattung und der damit verbundenen Spendenwerbung. Dabei wird insbesondere der Frage nachgegangen, wie Medien und Hilfsorganisatione
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n auf die Darstellung von humanitären Katastrophen einwirken und in welchem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis Medien und humanitäre Hilfsorganisationen stehen. Dazu werden Hintergründe, ob und wie Katastrophen in den Medien Aufmerksamkeit finden und was die NRO ihrerseits unternehmen, um die Medienaufmerksamkeit zu lenken, diskutiert. Auch die Rollenverteilung der humanitären Hilfsorganisationen als Informationsanbieter und Spendensammler sowie der Medien als „Beschaffer“ von Nachrichten, Informationsvermittler und Multiplikatoren für Information und Spendengewinnung wird näher betrachtet. Ebenso wird der dritte Akteur, der Konsument, in seiner Doppelfunktion als Nachrichtenrezipient und potenzieller Spender in die Ausführungen einbezogen. Bei dieser Betrachtungsweise ist zu betonen, dass es „die Medien“ genauso wenig gibt wie „die Hilfsorganisationen“. Im Folgenden werden Zusammenhänge beschrieben, die auf einen Großteil der Akteure im Kontext humanitärer Katastrophen zutreffen. Einen weiteren Aspekt bilden dabei auch der Einsatz und die zunehmende Arbeit mit den sog. neuen Medien." (Zusammenfassung)
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"This report assesses current information materials on natural disasters in Solomon Islands, identifies the key factors in disseminating information during a disaster and provides recommendations for future disaster content and communications." (Page 2)
"The guidelines are intended to ensure that all actors who play a role in facilitating or engaging in media reporting on gender-based violence (GBV) are aware of and able to prioritize the ethical and safety considerations that preserve the safety, confidentiality and dignity of survivors, their fam
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ilies, their communities, and those who are trying to help them. The audience for these guidelines is two-fold: first, the guidelines are meant to support those actors who are working in humanitarian contexts to address the needs of GBV survivors, e.g. as part of a UN, NGO or Government entity, including senior management of these organisations. Second, the guidelines propose best practices for journalists and other media professionals who are reporting on GBV in emergency contexts." (Page 1)
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"Dealing with uncertainty has been an important and distinct topic for PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (formerly MNP) and the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), in terms of analysis and communication. Acting responsibly with regard to this issue is
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important; particularly where policy analyses are concerned. Without adequate attention to the role and implications of uncertainty, the outcome of research and assessments may be of limited value and could result in incorrect policy decisions, with all the attendant consequences. However, the general public does not always appear in need of very detailed information in ‘documents full of subtle distinctions’. Consequently, information on uncertainty is not always considered relevant, understood, or even noticed. Thus, uncertainty remains an awkward issue and a challenge for the authors of policy reports. This Guide comprises hints and points of attention, as well as questions that researchers should try to answer when communicating about uncertainty (e.g. in written reports and presentations). It is not intended as a protocol; every situation is unique and demands its own approach. Thus, the Guide for Uncertainty Communication is intended to support the researcher/communicator in making well-considered choices. Communication on uncertainty regarding a particular study requires having a clear picture of why this communication is important and to whom it should be addressed. For this, the issues and concerns of the intended target audience(s) must be known, as well as all relevant uncertainties involved in the study and their possible effects on the results of the study. This involves serious reflection on certain topics, such as on where uncertainties originate, what significance and/or implications they have, if uncertainty may be reduced, on the context of the study, and on the manner in which uncertainty was dealt with in the study. The purpose of the study will strongly determine what uncertainty information would be relevant. For example, a study which primarily deals with the effects of policy measures will focus less on uncertainty about the severity of environmental problems than would be the case when a newly emerging environmental problem is explored. Addressing these questions, ideally, would provide a clear insight into all relevant aspects of uncertainty, which should be communicated effectively to the intended target audiences. This Guide is set up to support this process." (Preface, pages 4-5)
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"This survey asked representatives of major humanitarian aid organizations to reflect on how their operations in the field communicate with disaster-affected communities [...] The two areas in which progress is critical are improving the relationship between humanitarian organizations and local medi
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a, and ensuring that humanitarian and donor organizations prioritize two-way communication." (Executive summary)
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"This article describes and analyses the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) communication policy in the current world environment where a variety of well-doers attempt to pursue attention. The analysis is reflected against the results of focus group interviews with Congolese women
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in two refugee camps in Rwanda in November 2010. Although the women are not provided with any form of mediated communication, they do not appear to have any interest in it either. Daily concerns fill their lives in the ‘non-place’ and although that strongly limits their lifestyle and living conditions, it also ensures their safety. This article discusses both the possibility of establishing ‘small media’ or community media in the camps and the possibility of changing the principles of the United Nations (UN) communication policies." (Abstract)
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"The Communication Toolbox offers practical guidance for program managers who want to communicate more effectively with program participants and community members. The tools are designed for emergency programs and development programs. The toolbox focuses on communicating about programs as a way to
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improve accountability to those communities. This toolbox was inspired by programs in Haiti, where Catholic Relief Services observed that relatively simple, low-cost activities that promoted transparent communication substantially improved programs. Programs that did not emphasize the importance of sharing information with communities often faced challenges in implementation." (Introduction, page 1)
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"Scientists and politicians are increasingly using the language of risk to describe the climate change challenge. Some researchers have argued that stressing the ‘risks‘ posed by climate change rather than the ‘uncertainties‘ can create a more helpful context for policy makers and a stronger
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response from the public. However, understanding the concepts of risk and uncertainty - and how to communicate them – is a hotly debated issue. In this book, James Painter analyses how the international media present these and other narratives surrounding climate change. He focuses on the coverage of reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and of the melting ice of the Arctic Sea, and includes six countries: Australia, France, India, Norway, the UK and the USA." (Publisher description)
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"Since the Bihar flooding, First Response India has gone on to train other teams in disaster radio response. Its aim is to equip other teams across India with the skills needed to improve collaboration and communication with people affected by crisis. Radio can also play a key role in other phases o
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f the disaster. This was demonstrated in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake where radio was used in a variety of ways during the rehabilitation stage. Broadcasts included interviews with experts on stress management, medical treatment and dealing with after shocks. Community members spoke on tolerance, promoting dialogue (following outbreaks of violence in the community). Radio also has a role to play in mitigation and in reducing communities’ vulnerabilities to disasters. This is part of Feba’s community radio strategy. Feba has provided two rural community stations in Nepal with suitcase studios and training, which they use for community based programming – including health, sanitation, governance, rights, local music and dialogue. Effective communication and information flow has the potential to transform communities and save lives. In the disaster context, this potential can only be realized if accurate and timely information is combined with effective communication at all stages of the disasters and between all players. In the right hands, radio can be a powerful tool to help this process. It can provide a voice and a platform for the people who, ironically, are often not included or consulted in the humanitarian response – the affected community." (Conclusion, page 3)
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"In the immediate aftermath of the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the CDAC (Communicating with Disaster Affected Communities) Network undertook its first ever ground initiative. This initiative, which came to be known as CDAC Haiti, was funded largely through the OCHA’s ERRF with some additiona
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l short-term funding in 2011 from the global CDAC Network and the World Health Organisation (WHO). In total, CDAC Haiti received US $615,000. This Learning Review aims to document CDAC Haiti’s activities, assess achievements, and contribute knowledge about what worked, what didn’t, and why. A key component of the Review is the identification of lessons from this ‘new’ area of humanitarian coordination that can be drawn for other emergency operations." (Page iv)
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"Social media and social networking sites (SNS) in particular have become popular in current humanitarian campaigns. This article assesses the optimism surrounding the opportunities that SNS communication offers for humanitarian action and for the cultivation of cosmopolitan sensibilities. In order
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to evaluate the mediation of suffering and humanitarian causes through social media, I argue that we need to understand the architectures of social media and SNS in addition to analysing the content of the campaigns drawing on the literature on humanitarian communication. Focusing on the analysis of two humanitarian campaigns through social media, the phenomenally popular and controversial Kony 2012 campaign and WaterForward, the article observes that the architectures of SNS orientate action at a communitarian level which heightens their post-humanitarian style. However, an emerging new genre of reporting and commenting which is termed “polymedia events” can potentially extend beyond the limitations of SNS communication by opening up the space for reflexivity and dialogical imagination." (Abstract)
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