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Content Moderation and Local Stakeholders in Bosnia and Herzegovina

UNESCO (2022), 82 pp.

"This report explores the local-specific contextual concerns stemming from global, non-transparent, and profit-driven content moderation processes of social media. The report analyses what happens when certain local communities and countries are 'invisible' to social media platforms and illustrates ... more

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Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: Bridging the Gap Between Social Media and Local Civil Society

Article 19; UNESCO (2022), 46 pp.

"This report presents a summary analysis of research on current practices of content moderation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia, and Kenya, with a specific focus on 'harmful content' such as 'hate speech' and disinformation. The methodology combined desk research with qualitative interviews wit ... more

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Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists: Quadriennial Report 2018-2021

Ma’aly Hazzaz, Elisa Kirkland, Olivier Van Bockstael

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 316 pp.

"Since it first began substantial implementation in 2018, the MDP has enabled UNESCO’s Communication and Information Sector to immediately respond to emerging priorities and needs affecting freedom of expression, the safety of journalists, access to information, and community media. Before its cre ... more

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Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners
Key Guidance

Inspiring Practice

Robert Krimmer, Armin Rabitsch, Nathan Licht Marta Achler

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 146 pp.

"This handbook offers a comprehensive overview of international and regional standards and commitments related to the rights to freedom of expression, access to information, political participation, and privacy in the area of the internet, social media and Artificial Intelligence in elections. It al ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Namibia: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 3 pp.

"Namibia was thus added as a beneficiary country under the MDP in the second quarter of 2021, with the aim of reviewing the current draft bill and of increasing awareness on the right to access information by mobilizing government, civil society, and the Namibian public to take ownership and contrib ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Iraq: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 5 pp.

"Iraq was added as a target country under the MDP in 2020, building on the first phase of the “Breaking the Silence: Enhancing Public Accountability on Freedom of Expression and the Safety of Journalists in Iraq” project, which was implemented by UNESCO between 2019 and 2021 with funding from th ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Pakistan: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 7 pp.

"Overall, Pakistan experienced a shrinking of its space for free expression over the past four years, with censorship and restrictions increasing over time in the form of new stringent rules and regulations, along with intensifying threats and various types of attacks on journalists. Pakistan, who w ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Jordan: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 3 pp.

"Jordan was included as a beneficiary country under the MDP in 2021, responding to a request by the country’s Judicial Training Institute to strengthen the capacities of judicial operators on international standards and issues related to freedom of expression and access to information. This collab ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP): Regional Action in Africa: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 10 pp.

"[...] in 2019, UNESCO’s Addis Ababa Liaison Office engaged the African Union, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) and a wide range of partners to ensure adequate responses to the protection of journalists and the fight against impunity in Africa. These consultative meeti ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Regional Action in Latin America and the Caribbean: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 10 pp.

"The MDP has since 2018 supported various capacity-building activities for Latin American and Caribbean judicial actors, such as the 5th and 6th edition of the MOOC “International Legal Framework on Freedom of Expression, Access to Public Information and the Safety of Journalists”, additional MO ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Mexico: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 4 pp.

"On the occasion of the main conference commemorating the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists in 2019, which was held in Mexico City, the Spokesperson of the Mexican Presidency announced the Mexican government’s commitment to improve the protection of journalists, incl ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Brazil: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 3 pp.

"[...] new legislation has been introduced that could have a detrimental effect on freedom of expression and access to information. This includes a “fake news” bill that was approved by the Senate in June 2020 and allows for the criminalization of certain online content, creates identification r ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Morocco: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 6 pp.

"The MDP has sought throughout the reporting period to assist in the implementation of Morocco’s new legal framework, while also supporting compliance to international standards. Actions build on previous work such as an agreement signed with the Ministry for the Reform of Public Administration in ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Yemen: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 4 pp.

"Yemen was added as a beneficiary country under the MDP in 2020, with the aim of promoting joint and/or coordinated media development actions to reinforce access to information and freedom of expression, both online and offline. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, activities had to be postponed t ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 3 pp.

"UNESCO’s support to the DRC in 2020 and 2021, through its Kinshasa Office, has mainly focused on the construction and consolidation of a strategic dialogue between the government, state agencies, the media, social society, academia and international organizations. This way, UNESCO helped pave the ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Peru: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 4 pp.

"UNESCO organized several meetings with high-level representatives from the Peruvian government, including the judicial branch and the Prosecutor’s Office, along with civil society and media syndicates. This initiative also relied on cooperation with OHCHR and the Media Freedom Group, comprised of ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Afghanistan: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 5 pp.

"To ensure the survival of Afghanistan’s media sector after the regime change, reprogrammed funding from the MDP and the Global Media Defence Fund (GMDF) provided emergency support t o independent Afghan media outlets that had seen their viability disrupted as a result of the crisis. Through this, ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Lebanon: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 6 pp.

"The MDP’s response to these urgent needs was twofold: assisting Lebanese media in overcoming the viability crisis caused by the Beirut blasts, and countering the deterioration of freedom of expression and of the safety of journalists, while also maintaining previous efforts to raise awareness on ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Somalia: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 5 pp.

"Under the MDP, UNESCO has since 2018 coordinated actions with other development partners through the Somalia Media Sector Group (SMSG) to advocate for improvements in the media legislative framework and to support the implementation of the Somalia Federal Republic Media Strategy 2016-2020 as well a ... more

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UNESCO's Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP) Action in Syria: 2018-2021 Quadrennial Report, Country Summaries

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 5 pp.

"A decade after the beginning of the civil war, Syria remains among the most dangerous environments for journalists and media workers. Between 2011 and 2021, UNESCO’s Observatory recorded 113 killings of journalists. In its 2021 report, covering the years between 2011 and 2020, the Syrian Center f ... or Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) recorded 1,670 documented cases of media freedom violations committed by a variety of national and foreign actors. These include killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance and kidnapping, attacks on media headquarters, forced resignations, expulsions and deportations, as well as physical and verbal attacks. The Syrian media landscape is characterized by its polarization and sectarianism, which severely limits the Syrian population’s access to independent and reliable information. A multiplication of media outlets has been noted in recent years, but these are generally under heavy pressure to support the dominant faction in their area. As a result, Syrians are often exposed to highly partial media content, as well as to varying degrees of inflammatory hate speech. In zones controlled by the Syrian government, information is controlled by the State press agency, and media must obtain authorization from the Ministry of Information to operate. UNESCO’s response to these challenges has therefore been twofold: firstly, actions have focused on monitoring hate speech in Syrian media content in order to produce recommendations to counter it and thus prevent it from escalating conflict and hatred. Secondly, an action plan for the safety of Syrian journalists has been developed through multi-stakeholder consultations, which was completed by the development of a safety curriculum for Syrian journalism schools. UNESCO thus upscaled advocacy towards the prevention of hate speech in Syrian media through a monitoring project which started in 2017 and enabled the production of two monitoring studies in 2018 and 2020. In July 2019, the project brought together representatives of Syrian media at a meeting in Paris to discuss the outcomes of the first round of monitoring, which resulted in a consensus to put an end to this phenomenon and identify steps to curb it." (Page 2) more

Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners Key Guidance Inspiring Practice

Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners
Key Guidance

Inspiring Practice